Condensed-phase product

When a pyrolant is burned in a closed chamber, both gaseous and condensed-phase products are formed, and the pressure in the chamber is increased due to the increased number of molecules and the raised temperature. The pressure in the chamber is represented by the equation of state ... 

A variety of laboratory studies of the organic condensed-phase products of model hydrocarbon-NO -air systems have established that multifunctional compounds such as those observed in ambient air are... 

Write reaction mechanisms for the oxidation of 1-octene in the atmosphere that will give the major observed condensed-phase products heptanal and hep-tanoic acid. 

In smog chamber studies of the oxidation of 1-decene, octanal was the condensed-phase product formed in the next highest yield after nonanal, nonanoic acid, and dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3//)furanone (Forstner et al., 1997a). Write a plausible mechanism for its formation. 

Table 2 (Ref 23) gives the condensed phase products of the thermal decompn of Tetryl at 160°. Aside from undecompd Tetryl, Trinitro-anisole is the major product, although it tends to disappear on prolonged heating apparently forming Picric Acid, whose concn rises sharply at long decompn times. Note that the amount of condensed phase decreases on long heating. Consequently long heating favors production of gaseous decompn products...

Many attempts have been made to develop PVT relations for detonation products of condensed expls. These product gases, even in the absence of any condensed phase products, are very far from ideal. Thus most EOS for detonation products have included correction factors to account for non-ideality. Most product EOS are semi-empirical because they have to be adjusted to fit expti data. Usually the Abel equation, pv=nRT+atp, is used as a starting point. In the original Abel equation a is a constant covolume, but a constant a does not agree with observation. Therefore various attempts have been made to modify the Abel equation by inclusion of a = a(v) or a = a(p) and so on. The various attempts at obtaining a true EOS are summarized in Vol 4, D268-L to D298-R. Below we will briefly describe a new EOS which was developed recently... 

We examined the thermal decomposition of a number of nitramines in dilute solution and in the melt phase. The nitramines included acyclic dialkyl mononitramines, where the dialkyls were methyl, ethyl, propyl and isopropyl cyclic mononitramines (N-nitro-pipeiidine and N-nitropyrrolidine) and cycle multifunctional nitramines (N-dinitropiperazhe l,3-dinitro-l,3-diazacyclo-pentane l,3-dinitro-l,3-diazacycbhexane RDX and HMX). For all nitramines, the predominant condensed-phase product was the nitrosamine though the amount formed depending on the nitramine and the phase of the thermolysis. The common trigger in the decompositions was N-N02 ho mo lysis, but the fate of the resultant amine radical depended on the phase. In solution the radical was stabilized sufficiently so that it resisted further decomposition and, instead, reacted with NO to form nitrosamine. In vapor or condensed phase, the amine radical underwent further reaction therefore,... 

Similarly reactions leading to condensed phase products are also very slow. Thus, as mentioned in section U.B.4., equilibrium concentrations of carbon are not found in ethylene oxide decomposition, and it is not likely equilibrium concentrations of carbon would be found in other rocket systems, particularly low temperature ones. The slow condensed phase reaction may be the reason for some of the efficiency pro-... 

HVL-P represents about 70% of condensed-phase product (CPP) (viz. liquid and solid products) which includes light liquid, heavy liquid, and char. An estimate showed that the average aromatic cluster size of CPP is 2.2, which is practically the same as that of HVL-P. This indicates that HVL-P has the average chemical characteristics of CPP. This estimate was made by assuming that the light liquid and the char were similar to Light and Resld of HVL-P, respectively, in molecular weight and cluster size. If we assume that CPP retains any stable structural features of the feed coal then HVL-P would reveal such structural features. 

Schneider WM, Tang Y, Vaiphei ST, Mao L, Maglaqui M, Inouye M, Roth MJ, Montelione GT (2010) Efficient condensed-phase production of perdeuterated soluble and membrane proteins. J Struct Eunct Genomics 11 143-154... 

Figure 4. Isolated condensed phase products from the liquid TNT thermochemical decomposition process. ...

Thermally decomposed TATB condensed phase products have been isolated by repeated thin layer chromatography (TLC) elution, and chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) analysis reveals at least three furoxan products formed by the loss of H2 and cyclization of adjacent amino and nitro groups (Figure 11). 3 This must involve N—H bond rupture and is consistent with it being the same... 

Figure 12.1 Condensed phase products at 2.5 MPa. (After Ref. [5].) Table 12.1 Strategical and tactical missile igniter formulations.

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