Condensation example

Figure 4.1 A condensed example of an intake interview template.

Figure 4.2 A condensed example of a treatment plan template.

Bodfora, 1 4 Schiokh,1001 and later Fourneau and eo-worker iW successfully used a variety of a-ohloroacetamides in the Dar/wi condensation. Examples are the preparations of the respective oxides... 

Cyclodehydration. Neat, anhydrous CH3S020H is at least as useful as polyphosphoric acid for cyclization of 3-arylpropanoic acids and 4-arylbutanoic acids to indanones and tetralones.1 However, it does not appear to be useful for intermolecular Friedel-Crafts condensation. Examples ... 

Under these conditions dicarboxylic esters undergo Dieckmann condensation. Example ... 

Conditions at key points are indicated on the enthalpy-entropy diagram. The process steam is extracted from the turbine at an intermediate point, while the rest of the stream expands to 1 in. Hg and is condensed (example is corrected from Perry, 6th ed., 9.43, 1984). 

Claisen condensation example (source is deprotonated sink), details in Section 10.7.2 ... 

Figure 10.6 Simplified problem space for aldol condensation, example 10.5.3.

The design of CSTRs and the values of calculated quantities (reactor volume, species production rates, etc.) do not depend on the specific reference stream selected. Example 8.2 illustrates the use of a fictitious stream as a reference stream and the behavior of a CSTR when one product is condensable. Example... 

Figure 4.12 Schematic and equilibrium data for partial condenser, Example 4.4.

Leaky Condenser Example. An old ethyl alcohol distillation column has been tested, and it is concluded that there is a leak into the condensate in the condenser that amounts to 6 mols of water per 100 mole of feed. The tower is operating on a feed containing 3.5 mol per cent ethanol and 96.5 mol per cent water and produces... 

In Chapter II, we saw some examples of reactions that lead to what are normally considered condensation polymers, but that do not split out a molecule of condensation (Example 4F and Q). By classifying the reactions according to either of the above mechanisms, we avoid any confusion. Step-growth polymerization is treated in this chapter and various types of chain growth are discussed in Chapters X and XI. 

Heat of vaporization Heat taken up during the vaporization of a molecule from a surface and released on condensation. Example The heat of vaporizahon of gold from a tungsten surface equals about 3 eV per atom. See also Heat of condensation. 

Preferential nucleation sites (film growth) Positions on a surface where the mobile adatoms prefer to condense. Examples Atomic steps Charge sites emerging dislocations Interfaces Lattice defects such as grain boundaries Substitutional atoms. 

Hydrophobic membranes can be used to extract organic solvents or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from water. The membranes are made of hydrophobic cross-Unked polymers. The membrane chemistry is designed to attract VOC molecules to the surface of the membrane. Pervaporation takes place in the membrane. VOCs diffuse through the membrane and evaporate on the permeate side with the help of a vacuum. These VOCs later condense in a condenser. Examples of these membrane applications include extraction of numerous types of VOCs from water, extraction of aromatics from water, ketones from water, esters from water, and many more. 

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