Computer-integrated injection

The computer-integrated injection molding (CUM) systems make it possible to target for (1) approaching a completely... 

CE cost effective CIIM computer-integrated injection molding... 

The ultimate result of Computer Integrated Injection Molding (CUM) in software packages is to translate the results of computer simulation of the molding of a specific part into machine settings for specific microprocessor-controlled machines (Fig. 2-16). CUM automates the entry of a large number of set points (Figs. 2-2 and 2-13) in microprocessor-controlled machines and maximizes their efficiency, on the basis of extensive development by Ernest C. Bernhardt (Plastics Computer Inc., Montclair, NJ 07042, USA), a world leader on this subject (110, 111). 

Fig. 2-16. Overview of Computer Integrated Injection Molding (CIM). Swiss machine manufacturer.

Figure 7-10. An overview of the Computer-Integrated Injection Molding (CIIM) machine from TMConcept, which includes shrinkage control (Metstal is a Swiss machine manufacturer).

Most computer-integrated systems have been developed for injection molding, since a much bigger market exists with IM. Other computer systems are available for the other processes. 

Procedure (See Chromatography, Appendix BA.) Use a suitable high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with differential refractometer, autosampler injection unit, mobile-phase degasser, column heating block or oven, and a computing integrator. The column is Lichrosorb RP-18 250-mm x 4.5 mm (id) (GL Science, Inc., or equivalent) and YMC-Pack ODA-A A-303 250-mm x 4.5 mm (id) (YMC Company, Ltd., or equivalent) connected in a series, or equivalent, maintained at 50°. Use 80 20 acetone acetonitrile as the eluent, at a flow rate of 2 mL/min. 

The radio-HPLC equipment considered of 2 Waters model 6000 A pumps, a Waters 660 solvent programmer, a Waters U6K injector, a Varian Varichrom UV-VIS spectrophotometric detector, a FMI LB 5031 scintillation cocktail pump, a Berthold Radioactivity Monitor LB 504 fitted out with an 800-pl flow-cell and a Spectra-Physics SP 4100 computing integrator. Dried extracts were dissolved in minimal amounts of dimethylsulphoxide for injection. 

Chromatograph, detector, injection system and computing integrator requirements as for experiment 26. 

The acrylamide response is linear from 1 - 500 ppm monomer in solution using a 20 ul injection. This equates to 0.02 -10 ug acrylamide injected. Area response obtained from a computing integrator is also found to be linear. 

Saturation proffles and fluid distributions change during the displacement but remain functions of in all cases. Thus, the average apparent viscosity is also a unique function of to for a particular polymer flood. Once the relationship between and tj) is determined by integrating Eq. 5.126, it is possible to compute the injection rate or pressure drop during a lin polymer flood when one of these parameters is known. 

Developments. A variety of process modifications aimed at improving surface finish or weld line integrity have been described. They include gas assisted, co-injection, fusible core, multiple Hve feed, and push—pull injection mol ding (46,47). An important development includes computer-aided design (CAD) methods, wherein a proposed mold design is simulated by a computer and the melt flow through it is analy2ed (48). 

Sample preparation, injection, calibration, and data collection, must be automated for process analysis. Methods used for flow injection analysis (FLA) are also useful for reliable sampling for process LC systems.1 Dynamic dilution is a technique that is used extensively in FIA.13 In this technique, sample from a loop or slot of a valve is diluted as it is transferred to a HPLC injection valve for analysis. As the diluted sample plug passes through the HPLC valve it is switched and the sample is injected onto the HPLC column for separation. The sample transfer time typically is determined with a refractive index detector and valve switching, which can be controlled by an integrator or computer. The transfer time is very reproducible. Calibration is typically done by external standardization using normalization by response factor. Internal standardization has also been used. To detect upsets or for process optimization, absolute numbers are not always needed. An alternative to... 

Today s gas chromatograph is a modern, computer-controlled instrument, consisting of an integrated inlet, column oven and detector, with electronically controlled pneumatics and temperature zones. It has an inlet capable of both the split and splitless-injection techniques and it has a highly sensitive (detection limit in the pictogram range) detector... 

The widespread use of chromatography in quantitative analysis is mainly due to its reliability and to its use in standardised analyses. This type of analysis relies mainly on reproducibility of the separation and on the linear relationship that exists between the injected mass of the compound and the area of the peak in the chromatogram. The use of an integrating recorder or a microcomputer with the appropriate data treatment software allows automation of all the calculations associated with the analysis. Computer software can analyse the results and produce a computerised report. Trace and ultratrace analyses by chromatography are often the only recognised methods (EPA Methods for Environmental Analyses), although their costs are relatively high. The three most widely used methods are described below in their simplest formats. 

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