Composites with Metal or Oxide Nanoparticles

To create negative charges on particle surfaces, the pH of the electrol5de should be adjusted to above the isoelectric point of the respective oxide. One-step electrochemical codeposition 

Metal nanoparticles can also be electrodeposited onto a CP modified electrode to obtain nanocomposites. The number, size and distribution of metal particles can be controlled by the conditions of electrochemical deposition. The pulse potentiostatic technique results in an efficient dispersion of Pt particles in the polymer matrix. 

CPs and their composites are utilized in the fields ofelectrochemistiy, electroanalysis, electrocatalysis, batteries and capacitors, etc as electrode. In addition to the conductivity and electroactivity of CPs, small ions and molecules can diffuse into the CP matrices, providing further improvement compared to the conventional electrode materials. Efficiently using all the active sites and enhancing mass transport during the electrode process, the thickness of the CP film can be reduced to allow the ion diffusion in the CP matrices. By these properties CP nanomaterials exhibit better performances, due to their larger specific surface areas and small dimensions. Additionally, nanostructures of CPs may produce new surface properties and better functionalities. 

CPs are convenient matrices for the immobilization of enzymes and other biological molecules, forming different selective electrodes. 

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