Competitive pathway modification

Contaminant adsorption (competitive in mixtures with preferential adsorption of the largest-affinity contaminant), contaminant decomposi-tion/electrochemical reaction intermediates production, O reduction reaction pathway modification (atop Oj adsorption favored rather than bridged Oj, electric double layer structure change induced by cation insertion in iono-mer, Pt oxide modification including kinetics, changes in proton activity) or contaminant deposition reduces the catalyst area, increases the reduction reaction overpotential, decreases faradaic efficiency, and increases product selectivity (increased HjO contaminant production) Pt particle dissolirtion acceleration by adsorbed S on Pt from SOj or other soirrces decreasing iono-mer ionic conductivity... 

It can be envisioned that besides the intended effects of a genetic modification, such as the expression of an insecticidal protein, the modification may also have brought about unintended effects. This may relate, for example, to the insertion of the newly introduced DNA into an intrinsic gene ofthe recipient organism. Also interactions of introduced enzymes with pre-existing biochemical pathways, such as competition for common precursors, can in some theoretical cases be envisioned. 

Mechanistically, Sun et al. suggested that the broad visible Imniuescence could be attributed to the presence of passivated surface defects on CNTs, which serve as trapping sites for the excitation energy. The passivation as a result of the surface modification and functionalization with oligomeric and polymeric species stabilizes the emissive sites in their competition with other excited state deactivation pathways. ... 

Commercial polymers generated totally or partially from renewable resources will remain a very small component in the production of plastics, rubbers, and fibers, in the near future. However, their importance and marketability will continue to grow. They provide environmental and potentially economic advantages over their counterpart generated entirely from fossil raw materials. In addition, they offer more readily desirable properties such as biodegradability and biocompatibility that are more difficult to achieve with synthetic polymers. With extensive ongoing research and development pertaining to new catalysts that will enable the incorporation/ modification of renewable monomers into feedstocks as well as the development of new metabolic microbial pathways for the bio-production of monomers, the field will continue to advance to achieve production costs of polymers from renewable resources that are reasonably competitive. 

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