Compensation-point writing

Let s pick the point a first. If the signal from M( through G21 can be cancelled by the compensation through D21, we can write... 

We have already covered, albeit briefly, non-ionized stoichiometric and non-ionlzed non-stoichlometric intrinsic-defect compounds. Let us now consider the ionization of defects in these compounds. In the MXs compound, if we remove some of the X-atoms to form Vx, the electrons from the removed X-atom (or from the bond holding the X-atom in the crystal) are left behind for charge compensation reasons. At low temperatures, these electrons are localized near the vacancy but become dissociated from the point defect at higher temperatures. They become free to move through the crystal, and we say that the intrinsic defect has become ionized. We can write the following equations for this mechanism ... 

Using this notation, the number 1985 can be expressed as 1.985 X 10 Note that the usual convention is to write the number that appears before the power of 10 as a number between 1 and 10. To end up with the number 1.985, which is between 1 and 10, we had to move the decimal point three places to the left. To compensate for that, we must multiply by 10 which says that to get the intended number we start with 1.985 and move the decimal point three places to the right that is ... 

Doping Zr02 with Ca is a special example of a Zr02 solid solution. We can incorporate -15% CaO in the structure to form Ca-stabilized cubic zirconia (CSZ). (CZ is the general abbreviation for cubic zirconia.) The special feature here is that the cubic (fluorite structure) phase is not stable at room temperature unless the Zr02 is heavily doped. However, we write the point defect equations as if it were always stable. The Ca " cation substitutes for the Zr" cation as shown in Figure 11.5. Since the charges are different, we must compensate with other point defects. 

The relaxation part of the partial molar enthalpy is equal to the relaxation part of TSs. Thus, the fact that the entropy of solution of S in water is large and negative may be partially due to the large contribution from the relaxation term in (7.47). The latter cannot, however, be used to explain the large positive value of Afx (i.e., the low solubility). Thus, if we write AfjLs = AHs — T ASs, only the static parts of AHs and ASs contribute to the determination of the value of Afis the relaxation parts exactly compensate each other. (This point has been overlooked in the past, leading to an erroneous interpretation of the positive value of A/ns in water.)... 

To convert a number to scientific notation, move the decimal point (either to the left or to the right, as needed) to obtain a number between 1 and 10 and then multiply that number (the decimal part) by 10 raised to the power that reflects the movement of the decimal point. For example, to write 5983 in scientific notation, move the decimal point to the left three places to get 5.983 (a number between 1 and 10) and then multiply the decimal part by 1000 to compensate for moving the decimal point. 

In a circuit, pressure reaches a minimum level at the inlet of each pump, which mandates preventative action against cavitation. Let us consider the example of Figure 5.3 that shows a pump moving a liquid from a lower basin to an upper basin. The head increase pghtot between point A, which is located at the surface of the lower basin, and point D, which is located at the surface of the upper basin, is provided by the pump, which also has to compensate for the regular head losses in the pipes and the singular head losses (at the outlet into the upper basin, for example). Denoting by tot the total head losses in the circuit, we therefore write ... 

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