Compaction correction

Fig. 2. Compaction corrected burial history for top Gam Formation in well 6506/12-1 (modified from Walderhaug, 1997),...

Dykstra J (1987) Compaction correction for burial history curves applications to Lopatin s method for source rock maturation determination. Geobyte 2(4) i6-z3 Espitalie J (1986) Use of as maturation index for different types of organic matter. Comparison with vitrinite reflectance. Therm. Model. Sediment. Basins. 1st IFP Explor. Res. Conf. Carcans. June 3-7, Paris, p 475-496... 

Poor consolidation or low effective stress results in high slowness values and therefore an overestimate of porosity. In this case, a compaction correction is recommended. Slowness in an adjacent shale bed is used as compaction reference if measured slowness is Afshaie > 100 ps ft., the... 

Si ng. The desired size is obtained by a final pressing of a sintered compact. During sintering, the compact may have expanded, shmnk, or changed dimensions slightly, which is corrected by the sizing operation. 

Since non-ideal gases do not obey the ideal gas law (i.e., PV = nRT), corrections for nonideality must be made using an equation of state such as the Van der Waals or Redlich-Kwong equations. This process involves complex analytical expressions. Another method for a nonideal gas situation is the use of the compressibility factor Z, where Z equals PV/nRT. Of the analytical methods available for calculation of Z, the most compact one is obtained from the Redlich-Kwong equation of state. The working equations are listed below ... 

FIGURE 7.29 Correction parameter reflecting the influence of the wall (a) compact jets (experimental data from V. Mitkalinny, A. Abdushev, V. Baharev and L. Fedorov) (b) linear jets (experimental data from W. Kerka and Z. Sakipov) (c) radial jets (experimental data from N. Gelman). Reproduced from Grimitlyn, ... 

It is not uncommon to supply air into the room with jets attached both to the ceiling and to the wall surfaces. Air jets can be parallel to both surfaces or be directed at some angle to one or both surfaces (Fig. 7.28). Studies of compact wall jets supplied parallel to both surfaces reported by Grimitlyn show that the correction factor value is in the range from 1.6 to 1.7, which means that restriction of entrainment from two sides reduces velocity decay by 20% to 30% compared to the case of a wall jet. 

In comparison with the more standard Configuration Interaction (Cl) method, the one-particle Green s function approach offers the essential advantages, in the outlook of numerical applications on extended systems, of a stronger and systematic compactness (30) of the configuration spaces in high order approximations and of energy separability (5,31) in the dissociation limit (size-consistency). The latter is a necessary prerequisite ( ) for a correct (i.e. size-... 

The COMPACT (computer-optimized molecular parametric analysis of chemical toxicity) procedure, developed by Lewis and co-workers [92], uses a form of discriminant analysis based on two descriptors, namely, molecular planarity and electronic activation energy (the difference between the energies of the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals), which predict the potential of a compound to act as a substrate for one of the cytochromes P450. Lewis et al. [93] found 64% correct predictions for 100 compounds tested by the NTP for mutagenicity. 

It is essential that the solution be sufficiently dilute to behave ideally, a condition which is difficult to meet in practice. Ordinarily the dilutions required are beyond those at which the concentration gradient measurement by the refractive index method may be applied with accuracy. Corrections for nonideality are particularly difficult to introduce in a satisfactory manner owing to the fact that nonideality terms depend on the molecular weight distribution, and the molecular weight distribution (as well as the concentration) varies over the length of the cell. Largely as a consequence of this circumstance, the sedimentation equilibrium method has been far less successful in application to random-coil polymers than to the comparatively compact proteins, for which deviations from ideality are much less severe. 

The theoretical approach by Samec based on the ion-free compact layer model established that the true apparent transfer coefficient is obtained after correction for concentration polarization effect [1] [see Eq. (14)]. Subsequent studies by Samec and coworkers on the ferricyanide-Fc system provided values of a smaller than the expected 0.5. Preliminary attempts to rationalize this behavior were based on defining effective interfacial charges and separation distance between reactants [79]. The inconclusive trends reported in these studies were ascribed to complications arising from ion pairing of the ferro/ferricyanide ions. Later analysis of the same system appeared to show that k i is... 

This simple three-state model of protein folding, shown schematically in Figure 7, ascribes a separate force to shaping the structure of each state. Local steric interactions trap the protein chain in a large ensemble of conformations with the correct topology hydrophobic interactions drive the chain to a smaller, more compact subset of conformations then dispersion forces supply the enthalpy loss required to achieve a relatively fixed and rigid ensemble of native conformations. 

In analogy to the treatment of the stacking model Jo (s) = 0 is valid, if the structural entities are embedded in matrix material. Compact material, again, may require a correction because of the merging of particles from abutting structural entities... 

The molar volumes are in some cases at the stated temperature and in other cases at the normal boiling point. Certain calculated molecular volumes are also used thus the reader is cautioned to ensure that when using a molar volume in any correlation, it is correctly selected. In the case of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, the Le Bas molar volume is regarded as suspect because of the compact nature of the multi-ring compounds. It should thus be regarded as merely an indication of relative volume, not an absolute volume. 

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