Commercial starches, differences between

Swinkels JJM (1988) Differences between commercial starches. AVEBE, Veendam, p 4... 

While starches from all sources have many similar properties, they also differ in many aspects.12,39 Table 11.4 shows the major differences between the most important commercial native starches. 

Swinkels JJM. Differences between commercial native starches. The Netherlands AVEBE, Veendam. 

Most of the starch used in adhesives in the United States is produced from com or maize. There are four commercially available starch types that are used in adhesives. These are waxy com starch, regular com starch, high amylose type V com starch, and high amylose type VII corn starch. The major difference between these starches is in the amount of amylose contained in them—approximately 0, 28, 55, and 70%, respectively, by iodine titration. Other starches usable in adhesives include sorghum... 

Several types of enzymes have found uses in LADD compositions [4,48], Most common are proteases, amylases, and lipases, which attack proteinaceous, starchy, and fatty soils, respectively. Proteases work by hydrolyzing peptide bonds in proteins. Proteases differ in their specificity toward peptide bonds. The typical protease used in LADD formulations, bacterial alkaline protease (subtilisin), is very nonspecific. That is, it will attack all types of peptide bonds in proteins. In contrast to proteases, amylases catalyze the hydrolysis of starch. They attack the internal ether bonds between glucose units, yielding shorter, water-soluble chains called dextrins. Lipases work by hydrolyzing the ester bonds in fats and oils. Often, combinations are used because of the specificity of each kind to one type of soil. The commercially available enzymes are listed in Table 9.6. 

A different approach was used by the Ferruzy Company, the main difference being the use of high boiling-point plasticizer instead of water for the destructuration of starch. In this technology, starch was plasticized together with polymers such as polyethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH), EAA, poly-e-caprolactone, with small amounts of moisture, in a twin-screw extruder [49], to produce an intimate mixture between starch and the synthetic polymer. The commercial trade name of this product family is Mater-Bi . 

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