Combustion oxidant modification

Six cycles with oxidant modification are listed as D1 the simple PO open CBT cycle—involving staged combustion of the fuel ... 

In particular, the cycles involving fuel or oxidant modification do not look sufficiently attractive for their development to be undertaken, with the possible exception of the multiple PO combustion plant proposed by Harvey et al. [14]. The Matiant plant has the advantage of relatively simple CO2 removal and high efficiency and may prove to be attractive, but it again looks complex and expensive. 

The first known fire-retardant process found durable to laundering was developed in 1912 (4). A modification of an earlier process (5), this finish was based on the formation of a tin(IV) oxide [18282-10-5] deposit. Although the fabric resulting from treatment was flame resistant, afterglow was reputed to be a serious problem, resulting in the complete combustion of the treated material through smoldering. 

Because NO, formation is a function of the temperature, fuel-air mixture, and fluid dynamics in the furnace, the goal of a combustion modification is to mix fuel and air more gradually to reduce the flame temperature (lower thermal NO, production), and to stage combustion, initially using a richer fuel-air mixture, thus reducing oxidation of the nitrogen in the fuel. LNBs sewe the role of staged combustion. 

The basic approach taken in the analytical studies of composite-propellant combustion represents a modification of the studies of double-base propellants. For composite propellants, it has been assumed that the solid fuel and solid oxidizer decompose at the solid surface to yield gaseous fuel and oxidizing species. These gaseous species then intermix and react in the gas phase to yield the final products of combustion and to establish the flame temperature. Part of the gas-phase heat release is then transferred back to the solid phase to sustain the decomposition processes. The temperature profile is assumed to be similar to the situation associated with double-base combustion, and, in this sense, combustion is identical in the two different types of propellants. 

Collins and Williams [30] have recently described a modification of Ehr-hardt s earlier photochemical method [57], which offers the practical advantages of speed, convenience, and the potential for real-time analyses. However, until the accuracy of the results is established, the method will not receive general acceptance. Collins and Williams [30] examined the completeness of oxidation of their photo-oxidation system using three independent methods, but pointed out that while essentially complete oxidation was indicated, definitive proof was lacking. A more satisfactory solution to the problem might be found through comparison of results of the photo-oxidation method with the dry-combustion method, which most analysts are willing to accept as complete [96]. 

Germanium in organometallic compounds can be determined by a modification of the combustion tube method. The sample is mixed with a large excess of chromic oxide, the organic elements are burnt in the tube and are absorbed downstream, whereas the... 

H2 production from ethanol (as well as methanol) employs these methodologies either as such or after slight modifications, especially in the ATR process, wherein a separate combustion zone is usually not present (Scheme 3). A mixture of ethanol, steam and 02 with an appropriate ethanol steam 02 ratio directly enters on the catalyst bed to produce syngas at higher temperature, around 700 °C.18,22 The authors of this review believe that under the experimental conditions employed, both steam reforming and partial oxidation could occur on the same catalyst surface exchanging heats between them to produce H2 and carbon oxides. The amount of 02 may be different from what is required to achieve the thermally neutral operation. Consequently the reaction has been referred to as an oxidative steam reforming... 

A car with this modification produces NO carbon dioxide and NO carbon monoxide, but since air is mixed with the gas combustion, it is likely that the greenhouse gas Nitrous Oxide is produced. But Nitrous Oxide dissolves reasonably well in water, so since the exhaust gasses are passed through the header tank which contains the water fuel, it is likely that this engine arrangement is a good deal greener than most. 

Barium oxide, barium salicylate and/or other organobarium salts 2) Organometallic salts of lanthanum, hafnium and tantalum and their oxides Replacements for lead and copper compounds currently employed for ballistic modification. Particularly attractive due to production of considerably less smoke during combustion of propellants [245]. 

The choice between oxidation by the Kjeldahl or the Schoniger technique is not clear-cut. Both methods will usually yield quantitative reactions, both will occasionally give incomplete combustion and low results, depending on the family of substances analysed and on the slight modifications introduced into the procedures in different laboratories. 

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