Collision violent

The existence of iron, stony-iron, and achon-drite meteorites implies that many asteroids were heated sufficiently to cause melting and differentiation. The source of this heating is still a matter of debate. Impact melting is inefficient for asteroid-sized bodies, since collisions violent enough to cause melting tend to eject the melted material at greater than the asteroid s escape... 

Assumption (a) is appropriate for violent collisions. Violent collisions between atoms of reasonably high energy range (keV) require the collision partners to approach very closely, so that the probability of a collision between three or more atoms is small. Soft collisions can take place at large distances and therefore can involve more than two atoms simultaneously. However, soft collisions usually can be treated by perturbation theory (the momentum or impulse approximation), in which case no restriction to binary collisions is necessary. At lower energies (below 1 keV), collective effects become increasingly important and assumption... 

Lewis wrote to Paul Ehrenfest that he thought he had "hit upon something pretty fundamental." But Lewis had difficulty publishing his paper, "On the Theory of Reaction Rate," which the editor and referees of the Journal of the American Chemical Society worried was too speculative and insufficiently oriented toward experimental verification.96 Lewis ended by rejecting the radiation hypothesis, even issuing a press release to announce that a decision now had been made between the two rival theories of violent collision and radiation absorption in favor of the former. 97... 

In addition to electric charge between particles other factors are in some cases operative in preventing actual contact, thus the medium may be strongly adsorbed by the surface, and the thin film may not readily be displaced on collision of the two neutral particles, in other cases a tough elastic film may be formed, possessing definite mechanical strength and necessitating a violent impact to ensure rupture. 

When asteroid collisions are especially violent, sufficient kinetic energy may be imparted to launch fragments at greater than escape velocities. In that case, separate asteroids are formed. These fragments share similar orbital characteristics and are referred to as families. The members of most asteroid families share the same spectral characteristics, further linking them together. Families composed of fragments of differentiated asteroids can potentially provide important information on their internal compositions. 

High temperature is an important requirement for the attainment of fusion reactions in a plasma. The conditions necessary for extracting as much energy from the plasma as went into it is the Lawson criterion, which states that the product of the ion density and the confinement or reaction time must exceed 1014 s/cm3 in the most favorable cases (173). If the collisions are sufficiently violent, the Lawson criterion specifies how many of them must occur to break even. Conventional magnetic confinement involves fields of as much as 10 T (10 G) with large (1 m3) plasmas of low densities (<1014 particles/cm3) and volumes and reaction times of about 1 s. If the magnetic flux can be compressed to values above 100 T (106 G), then a few cm3... 

The impelling force in these excursions of atoms up the valley sides is molecular collision. Collisions impart energy to the bromine molecules and to the molecule containing the two carbon atoms and permit them to rise to the top of the pass. In most cases the collisions are not violent enough to carry them to the top of the pass and they fall back to the valley floors. Even when a bromine atom gets to the top of the pass it can fall either way and become part of either a stable C-Br compound or a stable Br-Br molecule. At this particular position at the top of the pass... 

A Tesla coil is used to create a spark to generate the argon or helium plasma. The electrons generated oscillate in the microwave field and gain sufficient kinetic energy to ionise either gas by rapid and violent collisions. This is achieved by using a microwave frequency of 2500 MHz. Elements such as fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, sulphur, phosphorous, and nitrogen, which are not possible to measure by ICP-AES or DCP-AES, can be measured by MIP. 

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