Collective risk, definition

Public chemical exposures, by definition, cause everyone to "consume" the same ambient exposure. What should that exposure level be Because the harms from chemical exposure are collectively consumed, the efficient level is that which equates the sum of the marginal harms among those exposed with the marginal benefits of firms thaf emif (Samuelson 1954). Emissions reductions should occur until the abatement costs equal the sum of fhe amounfs that exposed people would pay to avoid (or be willing to accept in compensation for exposure to) a similar known risk in a market setting (Viscusi 1989a Broome 1978). 

The statistical links between weight and cardiovascular disease are flat-out scary. One of the most definitive studies began in 1967. Data were collected until 2002. During those years, subjects were classified as normal weight, overweight, or obese. The risk of being hospitalized for heart problems quadrupled in men and women after age sixty-five in the obese group. Obese individuals were also more likely to die from heart attacks and strokes than thinner persons were. 

In sampling for sterility testing purposes, a batch should be regarded as a collection of sealed containers prepared in such a manner that the risk of contamination is the same for each of the units in it. (See 9.4 Definitions .)... 

The goal and scope definition stage is then followed by a life cycle inventory analysis. In the life cycle inventory analysis stage, data on raw materials and energy consumption, emissions, waste, monetary flows, and social issues are collected. While data on raw material inputs, environmental outputs, and monetary flows are quantitative, data on social issues are in forms of both quantitative (e.g., number of working hours, amount of child labor) and qualitative (e.g., risk ofpubhc resistance to the prospective product, risk... 

---