CO2 in input gas

All quantities in this appendix are per kg mol of first before-H2S04-making catalyst bed feed gas. 

Chapter 19 s SO2 oxidation calculations assume that 100% of the SO3 entering H2SO4 making reacts to form H2S04(f). This appendix s calculations remove that restriction. They also consider CO2 in feed gas. 

The objectives of the calculations are to determine a first after-H2S04-making catalyst bed s  

l Equilibrium equation with SO3 in after-H2S04-making input gas 

0 ft r=equilibrium % SO2 oxidized in after-H2S04-making catalyst bed (Section 19.4.2) / t=total gas pressure (bar). 

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After>H2S04-Making SO2 Oxidation with SO3 and CO2 in Input Gas... 

Table UJ> Excel worksheet for calculating after-H2S04-inaking heatup path/equilibrium curve intercept with SO3 and CO2 in input gas... 

The mode of calibration is determined by the design of the instrument. Most instruments contain a barometer or a transducer responsive to P(Amb) so that barometric pressure is always known to the microprocessor. With such instruments, only a keyboard entry of the fractional composition of O2 and CO2 in low and high calibrator gas mixtures needs to be made. Today, most analyzers auto-calibrate without the necessity for user input. The microprocessor will calculate the values for PO2 and PCO2 (according to Dalton s law) for gases saturated with water vapor at 37 °C. 

Oxyfuel combustion with flue gas recirculation represents a method of CO2 capture that could be implemented today. In this technique, input air is replaced by a mixture of recycled nitrogen-free flue gas (mainly CO2) and pure oxygen. The recirculated CO2 maintains an optimal oxygen concentration in intake gas, which, for a retrofit, would be near that of ambient air. The major cost and energy penalty in such a plant results from the operation of the oxygen plant, which consumes approximately one-third of the electricity output of the power station. At the current price of oxygen (US 4 per 100 the oxygen... 

It is common in flare industry to inject diluents in order to suppress smoke liberation. Laboratory investigations have also been conducted to study the influence of diluents on flare performance. Johnson and Kostiuk [86] studied the effect of CO2 dilution on combustion efficiency. An increase in fuel dilution decreases the input flare gas energy density, and in turn, could decrease combustion efficiency. Similar observations were also noted by Gogolek and Hayden [87] in natural gas-pro-pane flares with nitrogen dilution. 

To calculate the amount of steam in the product gases, the total input water is adjusted for the amount consumed in the shift reaction and for the water produced from oxygen in the coal to calculate the partial pressure of steam and other gases, the volume of the product gases is taken as the average of the input gas volume and the corrected output gas volume. The amount of CO2 remaining in the catchpot liquids is... 

The major control objective is to recover the specified fraction of the carbon dioxide in the feed gas. This is achieved by controlling the composition of CO2 in the off-gas at 1.3 mol% by manipulating the flow rate of the lean solvent to the absorber. The removal of CO2 from the fat solvent fed to the stripper is achieved by controlling the temperature in the stripper reflux drum at 363 K by manipulating the heat input to the stripper reboUer. 

Another new method for the dynamic measurement of ki a uses gas phase dynamics and consists of continuously measuring the composition of the outlet gas in response to a step input of a nonreactive tracer such as CO2 in the inlet gas stream (Andre et al., 1981). This method is especially useful under particular conditions for application to high viscosity media and solid-substrate fermentations. 

Table R.I. 1 catalyst bed intercept calculations with SOi and CO in feed gas. Note the 2 new CO2 columns, new input CO2 and C balance rows and 2 new CO2 result rows. The use of Eqn (17.1) in cell A14 is notable. Cells D28-H28 contain -H° values. Cells I28-M28 contain H° values. 

Table U.l shows an after-H2S04-making intercept calculation worksheet. It is much like Table R.l. It includes SO3 and CO2 in catalyst bed input gas. Preparation and use instructions are ...

As can be seen, a flow rate of reformate gas is approximately three times higher than that of input gas, indicating methane reforming reactions take place in the reformer. In fact, residual CH4 in the reformate gas is <2% and further decreases as time elapses. While a large amount of CO and H2 is produced, the formation of CO2 and H2O due to competing full-combustion reactions of CH4 appears to be suppressed under these... 

The energy input into a CO2 laser is in the form of an electrical discharge through the mixture of gases. The cavity may be sealed, in which case a little water vapour must be added in order to convert back to CO2 any CO which is formed. More commonly, longitudinal or, preferably, transverse gas flow through the cavity is used. The CO2 laser can operate in a CW or pulsed mode, with power up to 1 kW possible in the CW mode. 

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