Clinkering process in industry

The simultaneous presence of sulphate ions with alkalis somewhat decrease the process rate, but it is farther much higher than for CaO. Thus it can be assumed that in industrial clinkers the C2S dissolution rate is from three to five times higher than this of calcium oxide. 

Different 38 phases, in the case of low content of belite in clinker, is most convenient to identify using light microscopy. Among others, Metzger [161] applying this method found the presence of phase a. The striations of belite crystals always observed in industrial ehnkers due to polysynthetic twinning, are distinctly differentiate this phase from alite crystals and are formed in the polymorphic transformation process. 

Continuous process A continuous process is a streamlined process that involves ongoing production of end products or services. So, a continuous process produces a continuous flow of free-flowing product. Thermal power generation, raw meal to clinker production in cement plant are examples of continuous processes. However, for continuous process in chemical, oil, and gas industries, there is technical report, TR106.00.01-2013, which is being developed for risk reduction also (see Clause 4-0 of Chapter Xll). 

In the manufacture of Portland cement, many otherwise-waste materials can be used either as a substitute for the traditional raw material, or as a secondary fuel (e.g., used tires) [334,1577]. In particular, drilling wastes can be introduced in the clinker burning process [878]. For both waste disposal and cement manufacturers, a mutual benefit will emerge. The cement manufacturing companies reduce their demand for traditional raw materials and save the limited capacity of landfills and other waste-treatment industries. 

In the cement industry, cyclones are used mostly as separators within the production process and as pre-cleaners for high-efficiency dust collectors in cases where air or gas with high dust loadings has to be treated they are used as dedusting devices only for gases with a low content of dust which moreover consists of relatively coarse particles, e.g., the exhaust air from the clinker coolers of Lepol kilns. 

The contributions to the Seminar show that the cement industry has given considerable attention to improving energy efficiency in clinker manufacture. The overall effect of the transfer from wet to dry process has been to reduce fuel usage by approximately 35 %. 

At the 5,000 b/d CANMET demonstration plant in Canada, the pitch is sent to a cement kiln for use as clinker. Other slurry-phase processes include COMBIcracking (developed by Veba Oel), Aurabon (UOP), and HDH Cracking (Intevep). Although several slurry-phase demonstration plants have been built, the pitch-disposal problem has kept it from gaining industry-wide acceptance. 

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