Clay iron stone

A clay iron stone containing some 35 per cent, of iron has been worked from Roman times, if not earlier, in the Weald of Sussex and Kent, charcoal being used as the fuel. 

In Linlithgow and Lanark a clay iron stone occurs, impregnated with some 15 per cent, of carbonaceous matter. It is also found in North Staffordshire and in South Wales, and is known as blackband iron stone. The carbonaceous material present is often sufficient to allow the ore to be calcined without the further addition of fuel. A product containing 50 to 70 per cent, of iron is yielded. 

Cleveland iron stone. Variety of clay iron stone. . ... 

The chief ores of iron are—1. Clay iron stone, which is a more or less pure carbonate of protoxide, generally containing carbonates of lime and magnesia it accompanies coal beds both in England and in Scotland. 2. Red l ematite, which is pure peroxide or sesqnioxide of iron and brown hematite, which is hydrated peroxide. 3. Black or magnetic oxide of. iron. 

Staffordshire, West Yorkshire, and South Wales, yield an argillaceous iron ore, also known as day iron stone, wrhich contains some 10 per cent, of clay and from 30 to 40 per cent, of metallic iron. The Staffordshire ore has many local names, when found in concretionary... 

LAPIDES GEODES — A Stone containing Earth, of oblong shape, filled with a hard ochrine sand, and rattling when shaken the Stone Chemnicensis, of a ruddy colour, like iron-stone, and containing a moist clay. 

The old boilers or kettles of the Indians, continued Kalm, were either made of clay or of different kinds of potstone [lapis ollaris].. .. A few of the oldest Swedes could yet remember seeing the Indians boil their meat in these pots.. . . The Indians, notwithstanding their being unacquainted with iron, steel, and other metals, have learnt to hollow out very ingeniously these pots or kettles of potstone. The old tobacco-pipes of the Indians are likewise made of clay or potstone or serpentine-stone (124). 

Mossbauer spectroscopy is a selective tool for the quantitative analysis and spe-ciation of a very limited number of elements. It has been mainly used to study iron compounds—e.g., ceramics, as it gives valuable information about iron-bearing oxide and silicate minerals. This technique has been applied to the identification of the provenance of clay and used raw materials—the manufacturing method employed in pottery and, to a lesser extent, to the characterization of pigments and weathering crusts formed on stone monuments [23]. 

It is easy to take rock, stone, clay, and hunks of iron for granted. 

A soil sample made up of stones, clay, organic matter, etc. would be heterogeneous for iron(II) ions. 

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