Classification, biological physical

Amylol3rtic glucosylases are probably the most widely studied of the carbohydrate enz3nnes, due to their biological and industrial importance, as well as their ubiquitous distribution. Many different types of amyloglucosylases exist, with a variety of physical, chemic and catalytic properties. Recent reviews 28-30) describe the classification, characterization, action patterns and biochemistry of different enzymes. 

This chapter considers the classification, nomenclature, primary structure, and chemical and physical properties of the individual protein as they occur in the milk from the genus Bos. While some studies have been done of the proteins of the milk of other mammals, bovine milk, due to its commercial importance, has been most extensively investigated. A more comprehensive treatment of the subject is in the two-volume treatise on the chemistry and molecular biology of the milk proteins edited by McKenzie (1970, 1971A). Other reviews are Whitney (1977), Brunner (1981), and Swaisgood (1982). 

We review the subject of noncovalent interactions in proteins with particular emphasis on the so-called weakly polar interactions. First, the physical bases of the noncovalent electrostatic interactions that stabilize protein structure are discussed. Second, the four types of weakly polar interactions that have been shown to occur in proteins are described with reference to some biologically significant examples of protein structure stabilization and protein-ligand binding. Third, hydrophobic effects in proteins are discussed. Fourth, an hypothesis regarding the biological importance of the weakly polar interaction is advanced. Finally, we propose adoption of a systematic classification of electrostatic interactions in proteins. 

Interest in (5,5)-fused ring systems developed in separate, albeit closely related, directions. In the first, chemists continue their quest for new compounds having unique biological, chemical and physical properties. In the second, emphasis is on the classification of aromaticity based upon molecular conformity with Hiickel s rule. An increasing understanding of the fundamental chemistry of heterocyclic ring systems has led to considerable advances in this field, as evidenced by the growing list of applications as biocides and in industrial processes. 

The range of environmental variables that could be monitored is vast. Yet, with limited resources and objectives only limited monitoring is likely to be possible. Some systematic classification is therefore likely to prove useful in deciding on which variables might be most appropriate. For these purposes the variables will be treated as three major fields, i.e., chemieals, biological variables and physical variables. 

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