Clarification methods

Use treatment technologies (such as ion exchange, evaporation, and electrolytic metal recovery) that do not use standard precipitation/clarification methods that generate heavy metal sludges. 

Clarified protein solution of known concentration (see Strategic Planning for clarification methods and unitbu for concentration determination) with absorbance usually in the range of 0.05 to 0.1 at the wavelength to be used for excitation... 

When fermentation is complete, the yeast and remaining grape solids must be removed from the wines. Three basic clarification methods may be employed settling and racking, centrifugation, or filtration. The choice of method depends on the turbidity of the wine, desired clarity, and desired speed of clarification. 

The solution from the extractors is vacuum-distilled and the solvent recovered. The remaining terpene oils are fractionally re-distilled under vacuum and recovered as turpentine, dipentene, and pine oil. The nonvolatile rosin is of dark color and is upgraded by clarification methods, such as selective absorption of its solution (bed-filtering). 

There are other white sugar processes such as (1) treatment with vegetable carbons, (2) treatment with ion exchange resins, and (3) Talodura process. These processes are in fact supplemental clarification methods, adopted by some manufacturers with specific objectives. 

For CMF to be deemed a successful replacement of traditional clarification methods for the main filtration process, a high beer flux is required (generally, a minimum of 100 L/(m h) is considered necessary), with power costs that do not exceed those associated with the traditional filter aids [37]. Gan [32] considered that an average flux rate of 40 kg/(m h) over 10 h of continuous filtration is of commercial interest. 

Clarification methods precipitate these insoluble substances so that they can be removed by filtration. Both these operations are preferably carried out after the liqueur has completely cooled following tranchage, or better still after resting and settling for several days. 

Table 6.5. Comparative costs (US ) analysis for clarification methods of a fermentation broth. Adapted from Leach et al [6.19].

Centrifugation is the preferred clarification method at large scales. Usually, a depth filter is used after the centrifuge to remove any smaller particulates that are not cleared by the centrifuge. In this case, however, a relatively small number of depth filters are needed as the centrifuge clears most of the cell debris. 

Precipitation after concentration to 54% P2O5 is slow and never so complete but that more precipitate will form on further storage. However, clarification methods are available that reduce the sludge problem in merchant-grade acids to manageable levels. 

DW Nierenberg, DC Lester. Determination of vitamins A and E in serum and plasma using a simplified clarification method and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 345 275-284, 1985. 

Slow and stuck fermentations of dry white wines are well known consequences of clarification. This phenomenon, varying in intensity according to juice composition and clarification methods, has incited much research and been interpreted differently in the past. 

The most simple and effective juice clarification method is natural settling—the natural settling of... 

The clarification methods of fining and filtration also act to stabilize wine by removing some of the same particles that can promote instability. The subtle oxidation that occurs with oak barrel aging has a naturally stabilizing effect on the wine. 

Filtration of samples is one clarification method critical to the life-time of a column. Particulate material may bind to the inlet frit and the top of the column causing high back-pressure and occasionally changes in the chromatography itself. 

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