Clarification excessive

The homogenize must be placed appropriately ia the system to assure the proper temperature of the incoming product, provide for clarification, and avoid air iacorporation that would cause excessive foaming. The homogenize also maybe used as a pump ia the pasteurization circuit. 

Lime is somewhat different from the hydrolyzing coagulants. When added to wastewater it increases pH and reacts with the carbonate alkalinity to precipitate calcium carbonate. If sufficient lime is added to reach a high pH, approximately 10.5, magnesium hydroxide is also precipitated. This latter precipitation enhances clarification due to the flocculant nature of the Mg(OH)2. Excess calcium ions at high pH levels may be precipitated by the addition of soda ash. The preceding reactions are shown as follows ... 

Granular bed filters are used in ten coil coating plants to remove residual solids from the clarifier effluent, and are considered to be tertiary or advanced wastewater treatment. Chemicals may be added upstream to enhance the solids removal. Pressure filtration is also used in this industry to reduce the solids concentration in clarifier effluent and to remove excess water from the clarifier sludge. Figure 7.4 shows a granular bed filter and Table 7.13 presents the heavy metal removal data of a lime clarification and filtration system. 

Clarification was by racking, fining, and filtration. With the general use of water, tartrate stabilization was not a major problem. The cold winters also facilitated precipitation of excess tartrates. 

Juice solids have a critical effect not only on wine quality (discussed under juice clarification) but also on yeast activity. A juice that is too clean, from excessive pectic enzyme treatment, filtration, or centrifuging, may have difficulty completing fermentation. Groat and Ough (24) and others have reported that juice solids levels below 0.1 to 0.5 percent resulted in slower fermentations. Levels of 0.5-2.5 percent solids are used commonly in the North Coast. 

Clarification is another crossflow processing mode, often used as a preliminary step before the concentration operation, in those cases where the feed stream contains excess suspended solids or unwanted microorganisms, usually employing microflltration membranes. 

The effects of excessive body feed are shown on Fig. 5. The sudden increase in pressure shown on curve 3 is the result of bridging of the cake between the leaves. This causes a sudden decrease in filter area. It can also result in severe damage to the leaves and loss of clarification. 

A procedure better adapted to operation on a large scale is described by Bavin. A solution of 1 mole of fluorene in 500 ml. of ether is added with stirring under reflux to an ethereal solution of phenyllithium prepared from 1.5 moles of bromo-benzene. After 1 hr. more the orange solution of metallated hydrocarbon is poured as rapidly as possible into powdered dry ice which has been slurried with ether. The mixture is acidified, the solvent removed by steam distillation, and the solid is dissolved in aqueous potassium carbonate solutioa Clarification with Norit gives a pale yellow solution which is poured into excess 30% hydrochloric acid. The colorless, crystalline product on reaction with methanol and hydrogen chloride gave the pure methyl ester, m.p. 64-65°. The yield was generally over 70% and occasionally reached 90%. ... 

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