Cladding techniques employed

In cladding, an explosively driven metal plate (flyer plate) hits another plate (base plate) kept at a specified distance-greater than half the flyer plate thickness in order to allow this plate to achieve its maximum impact velocity. The extreme temperature and pressure produced with high-energy impact, bonds the plates together through a metallurgical bond. This technique is employed to bond... 

The techniques most frequently employed are absorption, reflectance and fluorescence, with some attempts to exploit the variation in refractive index of the sensitive polymer acting as the cladding for the fiber. The general principle of semi-active and active optodes (Chapter 12) is applied. The optical spectrum of an optode is modified by chemical action between a reagent (indicator), immobilized on the fiber or an inert support at its end, and the activity of the H ions (Oh )=... 

In all four methods described above, at any time the stresses and strains are defined at a number of radii (even the methods using integration must employ this technique in the integration approximation). A stepwise method of solving the time dependence must allow the new values after a time increment to be consistent with all the other values. In CRASH this is achieved by treating the nonelastic strains at each radius as nonlinear functions of the strains at the other radii. Solutions are obtained then using a Newton-Raphson algorithm 40). This method is possible in CRASH as it deals solely with the clad behavior, and the number of radii at which the strains are defined can be small. 

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