CLA CELL

The two Li-Cla cells shown in Table V, which operate at 650 and 450 respectively, have required substantial improvements directed to their possible practical use. The first one, studied in the G.M. laboratories, has seen its operating temperature lowered from 650 to 425 by the utilization of the ternary salt mixture LiF-LiCl-KCl. The cell Li(liq.)/LiF + LiCl + KC1/C1(C) (porous graphite), which gave 232 cycles and about 350 Wh/kg ED, was recommended as one of the most promising high-temperature SBs for vehicular propulsion (71). 

The oxidation of morphine by whole-cell suspensions and cell extracts of Cylindrocarpon didymum gave rise to the formation of 2,2 -bimorphine (for structure, see Fig. 6). The identity of 2,2 -bimorphine was confirmed by clas-... 

At present, other CL amplifiers are recommended for the detection of superoxide in cells and tissue such as coelenterazine (2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-benzyl-3,7-dihydroimidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-3-one]) and its analogs CLA (2-methyl-6-phenyl-3,7-dihydroi-midazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-3-one]) and MCLA [2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimi-dazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-3-one]). It has been suggested that the origin of CL produced by these compounds is the oxidation of the acetamidopyrazine moiety [69,70]. Unfortunately, to our knowledge, there are still no reliable thermodynamic and kinetic data to validate the application of the above CL amplifiers for superoxide detection. Reichl et al. [71] proposed to use the photoprotein pholasin for the detection of superoxide and myeloperoxide activity in stimulated neutrophils. 

Akdis M, Akdis CA, Weig IL, Disch R, Blaser K Skin homing, CLA-F memory T cells are activated in atopic dermatitis and regulate IgE by an IL-13-dominated cytokine pattern. IgG4 counter-regulation byCLA+ memory T cells. J Immunol 1997 159 4611-4619. 

Akdis M, Simon HU, Weigl L, Kreyden O, Blaser K, Akdis AC Skin homing CLA-F CD8+ T cells respond to superantigen and contribute to eosinophilia and IgE production in atopic dermatitis. J Immunol 1999 163 466-475. 

Are T Cells Involved in Specific Immune Responses to Autoantigens in Atopic Dermatitis Autoimmune phenomena to human self-proteins may also contribute to the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. IgE against autoantigens such as Horn SI-4 have been shown to stimulate type 1 hypersensitivity reactions which in turn may contribute to the clinical cutaneous reactions in atopic dermatitis [15]. Autoallergens induce the proliferation of CLA+ autoreactive T cells derived... 

The role of CD8-I- T cells in atopic skin inflammation is still not well defined. It has been shown that CLA-I-CD8-I- T cells isolated from the circulation are as potent as CLA+CD4-I- T cells in the induction of IgE and enhancement of eosinophil survival. This suggests that these cells have more than bystander functions in atopic dermatitis. Recent data from a mouse model indicate that allergen-primed CD8+ T cells are required for the development of atopic dermati-tis-like lesions in vivo [19]. 

Another potential use for CLAs is in two-phase reactors where the substrate is very nonpolar, and the product is also poorly water soluble and perhaps unstable. Dispersing CLAs containing high concentrations of substrate into a fermenter will enable the fermentation to proceed rapidly without substrate limitation, while the product is removed rapidly back into the CLA. Problems with cells accumulating at the interface of the CLAs... 

NaF was not mutagenic in bacterial assays. Although fluoride has been shown to be clas-togenic in a variety of cell types, the mechanism of clastogenicity has been attributed to the effect of fluoride on the synthesis of proteins involved in DNA synthesis and/or repair, rather than direct interaction between fluoride and DNA. In general, there was no effect on sperm morphology or the frequency of chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, sister chromatid exchange, or DNA strand breaks in rodents treated in vivo. ... 

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