Circumferential application temperature

FIGURE 2.95 Circumferential application temperature control (round) [6]... 

For straight metal pipe under internal pressure the formula for minimum reqiiired w thickness is applicable for D /t ratios greater than 6. Tme more conservative Barlow and Lame equations may also be used. Equation (10-92) includes a factor Y varying with material and temperature to account for the redistribution of circumferential stress which occurs under steady-state creep at high temperature and permits slightly lesser thickness at this range. 

Uniform wall temperature, denoted by . This boundary condition is present when the duct has a constant wall temperature in both the circumferential and axial directions. Uniform wall temperature has frequent application in condensers, evaporators, and automotive radiators with high flow rates. 

Circumferential Banding Tape. Each layer was banded with a unidirectional glass reinforced epoxy tape before application of the Kapton interlayer insulation. The purpose of the tape was to restrain radial conductor motion, and secondarily, to bridge between teeth tops. The tape used was 3M Company 4 cm wide. Scotch-ply (R) Type 1003. The first application of the tape was half-lapped and the next layer was butted, thus providing 3 layers of tape or approximately 0.76 mm of tape buildup. To cure the banding tape, the whole coil was placed in a forced air oven and heated to 423 K for 16 h. Four thermocouples were inserted in the various layers to different depths to make sure that the coil interior reached the required temperature. 

Wan mimics the mechanical behavior of cardiovascular tissues, such as aorta and heart valve leaflets. The stress-strain properties for porcine aorta are matched by microbial cellulose-poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite in both the circumferential and the axial tissue directions. Relaxation properties of the nanocomposite, which are important for cardiovascular applications, were also studied and found to relax at a faster rate and to a lower residual stress than the tissues they might replace. The study showed that this nanocomposite is a promising material for cardiovascular soft tissue replacement applications. The aim of a study by Mohammadi et al. was to mimic not only the nonlinear mechanical properties displayed by porcine heart valves, but also their anisotropic behavior, by applying a controlled strain to the samples while imdergoing low-temperature thermal cycling, in order to induce oriented mechanical properties. 

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