Circle, diameter

Nominal pipe size Outside diameter of flange Thickness of flange, minimum Diameter of holt circle Diameter of holts No. of holts Length through huh ... 

Diametric pitch is a whole number used to specify the ratio of the number of teeth in a gear to its pitch diameter. Stated another way, it specifies the number of teeth in a gear per inch of pitch diameter. For each inch of pitch-circle diameter, there are pi (jr = 3.1416) inches of pitch-circle circumference. Therefore, the diametric pitch provides the number of teeth for each 3.1416 inches of circumference along the pitch circle. 

The pitch-circle diameter and the diametric pitch of a 4-inch pitch-circle diameter gear are illustrated in Figure 57.33. For this 4-inch gear, there are four 3.1416-inch circumference segments. Note that for a 3-inch gear, there are three 3.1416-inch segments. 

In reality, spots are of different shapes and size. In adaptive circle segmentation, different circle diameters are assigned to individual spot diameters in the microarray as can be seen in Fig. 11.20 (see Plate 10 for color version). By doing this, the circle would fit the spot perfectly, regardless of the size of the spot. However, the tradeoff is that much time is required to estimate and compute each of the thousands of spots in the microarray. 

Dapple is the image analysis software used for adaptive circle segmentation. It performs the analysis by estimating the circle diameter for each spot. By taking the second derivative of the pixel intensity vs coordinate graph, the edges of the spots can be... 

Figure 4.35 Modulated crystal structures (a) crystal showing a displacive modulation of one set of atoms and (b) a crystal showing a compositional modulation of one set of atoms. (The change in the average chemical nature of the atom is represented by differing circle diameters.)...

Two important morphological parameters characterizing ball-milled powders are the particle and grain size of constituent phases within the powders. In our laboratory, the size measurement of the powder particles is carried out by attaching loose powder to sticky carbon tape and taking pictures under secondary electron (SE) mode in the SEM. The images are then analyzed by an image analysis software. The size of the powders is calculated as the particle equivalent circle diameter, ECD = AA/nf, where A represents the projected particle area. Usually from -300 to 700 particles are analyzed for each batch. 

Fig. 2.3 (a) Scanning electron micrograph of the morphology of as-received Tego Magnan MgH powder and (b) powder particle size distribution (equivalent circle diameter, ECD)... 

A, must approximate the water wheel diameter, KD. (More precisely, the sum of the pitch circle diameters of the sprocket and mill must exceed KD plus the outside diameter of the mill outlet pipe.) Turning of stone in the mill exerts a resistance torque of /Ty( 1 - e) A A sin4xT2, reduced by the mechanical advantage through the drive to the water wheel by a factor of d-i-(KD), where d - sprocket pitch circle diameter. As before, the water wheel drive torque is M - 0.12 5n V-K (AT2 - 1)LD3. If A KD, the maximum sprocket diameter, d, that will provide the necessary mechanical advantage is ... 

Figure 12.4 depicts a typical admittance parametric plot for the quartz crystal resonator. Note that the effect of the static capacitance C0 in the parallel branch is to shift the admittance circle upward by resonance frequency top which now depends on C0, in addition to the series resonance frequency to, = 2irfa. Changes in the resonance frequency are related to changes in the equivalent inductance L and broadening of the admittance curve near resonance (decrease in the circle diameter l/R in Fig. 12.4) are related to equivalent resistance R. 

Fig. 14 The plasmon angle shift plotted as a function of particle number density for 30 (open diamond), 35 (open rectangle), 45 (open triangle), and 59 nm (open circle) diameter colloidal Au. Reproduced with permission from [33], Copyright 1999 American Chemical Society...

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