Chordate evolution

Holland, P.W.H., Garcia-Fernandez, J. 1996. Hox genes and chordate evolution. Dev. Biol. 173, 382-395. Horstadius, S. 1950. The Neural Crest, London Oxford University Press. 

McLysaght A., Hokamp K., Wolfe K.H. (2002). Extensive genomic duplication during early chordate evolution. Nature Genet. 31 200-204. 

Dai Z, Chen Z, Ye H, Zhou L, Cao L, Wang Y, Peng S, Chen L. Characterization of microRNAs in cephalochordates reveals a correlation between microRNA repertoire homology and morphological similarity in chordate evolution. Evol Dev. 2009 11 41-9. 

Wakeham, D. E., L. Abi-Rached, M. C. Towler, J. D. Wilbur, P. Parham, and F. M. Brodsky. (2005). Clathrin heavy and light chain isoforms originated by independent mechanisms of gene duplication during chordate evolution. Pfoc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol.102, pp.7209-7214.. 

Sharman, A.C. and Holland, P.W.H. (1996) Conservation, duplication and divergence of developmental genes during chordate evolution , Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 46, 47-67. 

Satoh, N. and Jeffery, W. R. (1995). Chasing tails in ascidians Developmental insights into the origin and evolution of chordates. Trends Genet. 11, 354-359. 

Carroll, S.B. 1995. Homeotic genes and the evolution of arthropods and chordates. Nature 376, 479-485. 

Pebusque M.J., Coulier F., Birnbaum D., Pontarotti P. (1998). Ancient large-scale genome duplications phylogenetic and linkage analyses shed light on chordate genome evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15 1145-1159. 

Holland, L. Z., and N. D. Holland. 1996. Expression of Amphihox-1 and Amphipax-1 in Amphioxus Embryos Treated with Retinoic Acid Insights into Evolution and Patterning of the Chordate Nerve Cord and Pharynx. Development 122, no 6 1829-38. 

Turbeville, J.M., Schulz, J.R. and Raff, R.A. (1994) Deuterostome phylogeny and the sister group of chordates evidence from molecules and morphology , Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11, 648-55. 

Taken together, the expression of neural crest markers in amphioxus and ascidians suggests that substantial parts of the gene networks specifying neural crest were in place in the common ancestor of amphioxus and the vertebrates. In addition these data suggest that the definitive neural crest of vertebrates arose in evolution from a zone spanning the neural plate-epidermis border in an ancestral invertebrate chordate. 

Holland, L.Z., Schuhert, M., Kozmik, Z. and Holland, N.D. (1999) AmphiTax3/7, an amphioxus paired hox gene insights into chordate myogenesis, neurogenesis, and the possible phylogenetic origin of definitive vertebrate neural crest . Evolution and Development, 1, 153-65. 

Langeland, J.A., Tomsa, J.M., Jackman, W.R. and Kimmel, C.B. (1998) An amphioxus snail gene expression in paraxial mesoderm and neural plate suggests a conserved role in patterning the chordate embryo . Development Genes and Evolution, 208, 5G9-77. 

---