Chloroplasts chemical composition

Generalized representations of the internal structures of animal and plant cells (eukaryotic cells). Cells are the fundamental units in all living systems, and they vary tremendously in size and shape. All cells are functionally separated from their environment by the plasma membrane that encloses the cytoplasm. Plant cells have two structures not found in animal cells a cellulose cell wall, exterior to the plasma membrane, and chloroplasts. The many different types of bacteria (prokaryotes) are all smaller than most plant and animal cells. Bacteria, like plant cells, have an exterior cell wall, but it differs greatly in chemical composition and structure from the cell wall in plants. Like all other cells, bacteria have a plasma membrane that functionally separates them from their environment. Some bacteria also have a second membrane, the outer membrane, which is exterior to the cell wall. 

J.P. Thomber, J.C. Stewart, M.W.C. Hatton and J.L. Bailey, Studies on the nature of chloroplast lamellae, II, Chemical composition and further physical properties of two chlorophyll-protein complexes, Biochemistry 6 (1967) 2006-2014. 

Lehoczki, E., E. Polos, G. Laskay, and T. Farkas (1985). Chemical compositions and physical states of chloroplast lipids related to atra-zine resistance in Conyza canadensis L. Plant Sci., 42 19-24. 

This author will now explain what he believes, at the moment, is the primary quantum conversion process that goes on in the layer of chlorophyll (and other pigments) in the lattice. We know something about the chemical composition of the chloroplast itself, i.e., it is a lipoprotein together with pigments. There are a number of specific molecules present in the chloroplast, for example, chlorophyll and... 

The NADPH and ATP generated are used within the chloroplast to fix carbon dioxide (CO2) and reduce it to sugar. This sequence of reactions is called the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle and this cycle results in the production of the phosphorylated 3-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, also called triose. This triose sugar is exported out of the chloroplast and in this course we will refer to it as CH2O which is the chemical composition of sugar when normalized to 1 carbon atom. 

The composition and content of the different tocopherol components in plant tissue vary considerably, ranging from extremely low levels found in potato tubers to high levels found in oil seeds. a-Tocopherol is the predominant form in photosynthetic tissues and is mainly localized in plastids. The particular enrichment in the chloroplast membranes is probably related to the ability of tocopherols to quench or to scavenge reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxy radicals by physical or chemical means. In this way, the photosynthetic apparatus can be protected from oxygen toxicity and lipid peroxidation. In nonphotosynthetic tissues, 7-tocopherol frequently predominates and can be involved in the prevention of autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. 

In the present work we have employed antibodies which were raised against the different subunits of H -ATPase complex in order to elucidate evolutionary relations among subunits of the same complex isolated from various sources. We investigated the structure of chloroplast H -ATPase complex by chemical cross-linking, by the help of the same antibodies. The composition of aggregates formed following cross-linking could be identified in a more accurate way. 

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