Chlorophenols remediation

The ARS Technologies, Inc., Ferox process is an in situ remediation technology for the treatment of chlorinated hydrocarbons, leachable heavy metals, and other contaminants. The process involves the subsurface injection and dispersion of reactive zero-valence iron powder into the saturated or unsaturated zones of a contaminated area. ARS Technologies claims that Ferox is applicable for treating the following chemicals trichloroethene (TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, lindane, aromatic azo compounds, 1,2,3-trichloropropane, tetrachloroethene (PCE), nitro aromatic compounds, 1,2-dichloroethene (DCE), vinyl chloride, 4-chlorophenol, hexachloroethane, tribromomethane, ethylene dibromide (EDB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Freon-113, unexploded ordinances (UXO), and soluble metals (copper, nickel, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium). 

Mikkola, M. Viitasaari, S. (1995). Kloorifenolien Saastuttamien Saha-alueiden Kunnostuksen Nykytila. Mimeograph Series of the National Board of Waters and the Environment no. 636, 63 pp., Helsinki National Board of Waters and Environment. (The Present Situation of Remediation at Sawmill Sites Contaminated by Chlorophenols in Finnish, abstract in English.)... 

Graham LJ, Jovanovic G. Dechlorination of p-chlorophenol on a Pd/Fe catalyst in a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed Implications for sludge and liquid remediation. Chem Eng Sci 1999 54 3085-3093. 

Many in situ soil and groundwater Fenton remediation processes have been commercialized, including the treatment of gasoline, waste oil, per-chloroethylene, chlorophenols, explosives and munitions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and nitrification inhibitors. 

The extent of degradation in the biopiles was proportional to the starting chlorophenol concentration. Overall, however, chlorophenol loss was between 80 and 90%. Where highly contaminated soil was treated (original chlorophenol concentration 850mgkg 1) the rate of loss was between 2 and 5mg (kgdrywt) 1 d 1. This is a fast rate of chlorophenol loss and the remediation process was complete within 3 months. 

Mueller JG, Lanz SE, Baltmann BO, Chapman PJ (1991) Bench-scale evaluation of alternative biological treatment processes for the remediation of penta-chlorophenol-and creosote-contaminated materials slurry-phase bioremediation. Environ Sci Technol 25 1055-1061 Novotny C, Vyas BR, Erbanova P, Kubatova A, Sasek V (1997) Removal of PCBs by various white-rot fungi in liquid cultures. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 42 136-140... 

To prevent the passivation, the successful strategy for BDD electrodes includes the oxidation at highly anodic potential in the region of water decomposition. Hydroxyl radicals produced by the high applied potential are believed to be responsible for the oxidation of the passivating layer. This concept was successfully applied also for selected dichloro- and trichlorophenols, " which are presumably more prone to inactivation of electrode surface than mono-substituted CPs. For them the detection at BDD electrodes is possible even without any electrochemical remediation of the electrode surface as demonstrated for phenol, 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP). ... 

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