Chlorophenolic acid

Euphorbia hirta L. Da Fei Yang Cao (Asthma herb) (stem) Camphol, leucocyanidol, quercitol, quercitrin, rhamnose, euphorbon, chlorophenolic acid, taraxerol, taraxerone, gallic acid.50 For asthma, bronchitis, externally for athlete s foot. 

Chlorogenin Chlorophenolic acid Chloroquine Cholestanol Cholesterol... 

Prepared by condensing p-chlorophenol with phlhalic anhydride in sulphuric acid solution in the presence of boric acid. The chlorine atom is replaced by hydroxyl during the condensation. It can also be prepared by oxidation of anthraquinone or 1-hydroxyanthraquinone by means of sulphuric acid in the presence of mercury(ll) sulphate and boric acid. 

For phenols, the number of chlorines replaced depends in part on the acidity of the phenol. Under mild conditions, phenol or y -nitrophenol displaces only one chlorine from TiCl, whereas -chlorophenol, (9-nitrophenol, -nitrophenol, picric acid, or 2-naphthol gives (ArO)2TiCl2. If the mixtures are heated sufficiently, eg, in refluxing phenol, all four chlorines can be displaced (49—52). 

Dichlorophenols. Among all the dichlorophenols, C H Cl O, it is 2,4-dichlorophenol that is produced in greatest quantity. 2,4-Dichlorophenol is used in manufacturing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [94-75-7] (2,4-D) and 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid [720-36-5] (2,4-DP). Industrially, 2,4-dichlorophenol can be obtained by chlorinating phenol, -chlorophenol, o-chlorophenol, or a mixture of these compounds in cast-iron reactors. The chlorinating agent may be chlorine or sulfuryl chloride in combination with a Lewis acid. For example ... 

Dihydroxyanthraquinone. This anthraquinone, also known as quinizarin [81-64-1] (29), is of great importance in manufacturing disperse, acid, and vat dyes. It is manufactured by condensation of phthalic anhydride (27) with 4-chlorophenol [106-48-9] (28) in oleum in the presence of boric acid or boron trifluoride (40,41). Improved processes for reducing waste acid have been reported (42), and yield is around 80% on the basis of 4-chlorophenol. 

Determination of C -C cai bonyl compounds, phthalic acid alkyl esters, mutagen MX and its geometric isomer E-MX, chlorophenols, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) - a-, P-, J-, 5-HCH, DDE, DDD, DDT, total isomeric-specific content of polychlorinated byphenyls (PCBs) (tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octachloroisomers) in SCAN and SIM mode was canned out. MDE of procedure for OCPs makes up 0.01-0.1 and PCBs - 0.17-0.38 ng/1 at enrichment factor K = (1.50-4.00)T0. ... 

Quinizarin has been prepared by heating /)-chlorophenol, phthalic anhydride, and sulfuric acid by heating hydroquinone with phthalic anhydride - by heating hydroquinone, phthalic anhydride and c.i>. sulfuric acid by oxidizing anthraquinone... 

By heating a mixture containing phthalic anhydride, boric acid, /)-chlorophenol, and strong sulfuric acid to about 150 and then further raising the temperature and diluting with steam. U. S. pat. 1,845,632 [C. A. 26, 2203 (1932)]. 

Chloronaphthalene 40 Chloronitrobenzenes, 40 Chloropentafluoroethane, 40 Chlorophacinone, 40 4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine, 40 Chlorophenols, 40 Chlorophenols, Mono, 40 Chloropicrin, 40 Chloroplatinic acid, 41 Chloroprene, 41... 

In a 2 liter round-bottomed flask equipped with stirrer and dropping funnel is placed 1,585 grams (880 cc 13.6 mols) of chlorosulfonic acid. To this is added dropwise with stirring during 5 hours 218 grams (1.7 mols) of o-chlorophenol. The mixture is allowed to stand 1 hour at room temperature and then is heated 1 hour on a steam bath. The mixture is then poured on ice. 

In addition lo its use in making resins and adhesives, phenol is also the starting material for the synthesis of chlorinated phenols and the food preservatives BHT (butylated hvdroxytoiuene) and BHA (butylated bydroxyanisole). Penta-chlorophenol, a widely used wood preservative, is prepared by reaction of phenol with excess CI2- The herbicide 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetjc acid) is prepared from 2,4-dichlorophenol, and the hospital antiseptic agent hexa-chlorophene is prepared from 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. 

Sulphonphthaleins. These indicators are usually supplied in the acid form. They are rendered water-soluble by adding sufficient sodium hydroxide to neutralise the sulphonic acid group. One gram of the indicator is triturated in a clean glass mortar with the appropriate quantity of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution, and then diluted with water to 1 L. The following volumes of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide are required for 1 g of the indicators bromophenol blue, 15.0 mL bromocresol green, 14.4 mL bromocresol purple, 18.6 mL chlorophenol red, 23.6 mL bromothymol blue, 16.0 mL phenol red, 28.4 mL thymol blue, 21.5 mL cresol red, 26.2 mL metacresol purple, 26.2 mL. 

Hardell L, Eriksson M, Lenner P, et al. 1981. Malignant lymphoma and exposure to chemicals, especially organic solvents, chlorophenols and phenoxy acids A case-control study. Br J Cancer 43 169-176. 

Hardell L, Eriksson M, Degerman A. 1994. Exposure to phenoyacetic Acids, chlorophenols, or organic solvents in relation to histopathology, stage, and anatomical localization of non-Hodgkin s lymphoma. 

Only the R(+) enantiomer of the herbicide 2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid was degraded (Tett et al. 1994), although cell extracts of Sphingomonas herbicidovorans grown with the R(-) or S -) enantiomer, respectively, transformed selectively the R -) or S(-) substrates to 2-methyl-4-chlorophenol (Nickel et al. 1997). 

The taxonomic application of the ability of enteric organisms to grow with 4-hydroxy-phenylacetate (Cooper and Skinner 1980) and 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (Burlingame and Chapman 1983) has been established. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the enzyme that carries out the hydroxylation has a wide substrate range extending to 4-meth-ylphenol, and even to 4-chlorophenol (Prieto and Garcis 1994). 

Spokes JR, N Walker (1974) Chlorophenol and chlorobenzoic acid co-metabolism by different genera of soil hacteria. Arch Microbiol 96 125-134. 

A spore-forming strain of Desulfitobacterium chlororespirans was able to couple the dechlorination of 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate to the oxidation of lactate to acetate, pyruvate, or formate (Sanford et al. 1996). Whereas 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 2,4,6-tribro-mophenol supported growth with the production of 4-chlorophenol and 4-bromophenol, neither 2-bromophenol nor 2-iodophenol was able to do so. The membrane-bound dehalogenase contains cobalamin, iron, and acid-labile sulfur, and is apparently specific for ortho-substituted phenols (Krasotkina et al. 2001). 

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