Chlorofluorocarbons atmospheric distribution

Nuclear bomb produced " 002 and (as HTO) have been used to describe and model this rapid thermocline ventilation (Ostlund et ah, 1974 Sarmiento et ah, 1982 Fine et al., 1983). For example, changes in the distributions of tritium (Rooth and Ostlund, 1972) in the western Atlantic between 1972 (GEOSECS) and 1981 (TTO) are shown in Fig. 10-10 (Ostlund and Fine, 1979 Baes and Mulholland, 1985). In the 10 years following the atmospheric bomb tests of the early 1960s, a massive penetration of F1 (tritium) into the thermocline has occurred at all depths. Comparison of the GEOSECS and TTO data, which have a 9 year time difference, clearly shows the rapid ventilation of the North Atlantic and the value of such transient" tracers. A similar transient effect can be seen in the penetrative distribution of manmade chlorofluorocarbons, which have been released over a longer period (40 years) (Gammon et al., 1982). 

A large number of observations, both remote and in situ, confirm this qualitative picture of the loss of ozone over Antarctica. The in situ data have come from instruments carried on small balloons and the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft. Small-balloon measurements are of particle distributions and sizes, ozone, and water vapor (23, 33). ER-2 measurements, listed in Table I, are of particle size and composition atmospheric parameters such as temperature, pressure, lapse rate, and winds and trace gas abundances of 03, N20, NOy or NO, CIO and BrO, and stable gases, including CH4, chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and others (34-45). 

Blends of trichloromonofluoromethane and dichlorodifluoromethane (propellant 11/12) or propellant 11/114/12 produce vapor pressures of 103 84 kPa (15-70 psig) at 21°C, which adequately cover the range of pressures required to produce the proper particle-size distribution for satisfactory aerosol products. Trichloromonofluoromethane is unique among the chlorofluorocarbon propellants in that it is a liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and can be used to prepare a slurry with insoluble medicinal agents. 

Similarly, the calculations of Qae are carried out based on radiative transfer theory and the known absorptivity of atmospheric constituents and the vertical distribution of temperature. The radiatively active gases are H2O, CO2, O3, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon monoxide (CO), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Since both upward and downward fluxes are involved in the infrared radiation calculation, the handling of cloud effects in determining Qae becomes more complicated than the calculation of Qas-... 

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