1- chloroacetophenone toxicity

CNC is a formulation of chloroacetophenone. Like CN, CNC has a pronounced lacrimatory effect, resulting in a natural reflex to shut the eyes. It is similarly irritating to the skin, especially the face and such exposed portions of the body where sweat accumulates. The same rashes caused by CN will be caused by CNC. CNC has a slightly more powerful choking effect than CN. Eye toxicity remains about the same as CN. Some sensitive individuals may experience nausea upon exposure. CNC can form lethal concentrations in closed or confined spaces, although concentrations in open are highly unlikely ever to do so. 

Chloroacetophenone is toxic and needs to be manipulated using gloves and eye protection in a well-ventilated fume-hood. 

Comparative Acute Mananalian Toxicity of 10-Chioro-5, lQ-dihydrophenarsa ine (DM7, Chloroacetophenone (CN), 2-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS), and Oiben (b,f](1,4Joxazepine (CR) ... 

Ballantyne, B., and Svanston, D.W. The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chloro-benzylidene malononitrlle (CS). Arch. Toxicol. 40 75-95, 1978. 

The reduction of 4-chloroacetophenone mediated by L. kefir stopped at 46% conversion owing to the reactant and/or the product being toxic to the cell membrane [100]. The addition of TBME (20%, v/v) made the situation worse because... 

The disposition of more than 12000 tons of munitions and toxic chemicals, including mustard gas, arsenicals chloroacetophenone, is described by Loucks Elliot (Ref)... 

The degradation of 4-chloroacetophenone is accomplished by a mixed culture of an Arthrobacter sp. and a Micrococcus sp. the first organism is able to carry out all the degradative steps except the conversion to 4-chlorocatechol of the intermediate 4-chlorophe-nol that is toxic to the first organism (Havel and Reineke 1993). The details of the pathway are discussed again in Chapter 6, Section 6.2.1. 

For the purposes of this chapter, "chemical warfare agent" (CWA) is used as a fairly comprehensive term to refer to a diverse group of toxicants commonly discussed within the context of chemical incapacitation for crowd control during riots or death or incapacitation associated with military use or terrorism. The lachrymatory and irritant riot control agents include a-chlorbenzylidene malonitrile (CS), dibenz b,f)-VA oxazepine (CR), w-chloroacetophenone (CN), and oleoresin of capsicum (OC pepper spray) (Salem et al., 2008a). The CWAs... 

CN (chloroacetophenone) is used as a crowd control measure by paramilitary or police forces. It is supplied in small pressurised aerosol canisters and is known as mace or tear gas. It was investigated, but not used, during World Wars I and II, and was used in the Vietnam War. It is more toxic than CS gas, which has largely replaced it. 

After World War I, interest in chloropicrin shifted from its toxic effects to its harassing effects, causing it to see use in training by the United States, the Soviet Union, and others. The United States used chloropicrin with chloroacetophenone and chloroform in a military formulation designated CNS. This mixture was declared obsolete in 1957. From 1955 to 1960, the USSR loaded chloropicrin into 250-kilogram bombs, which were stockpiled. These bombs were not declared by Russia following the entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), suggesting that either the stockpile had been destroyed or the bombs were retained for noncombat uses permitted by the CWC, such as domestic law enforcement purposes. 

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