Chlorine dipole moment

Because carbon is sp hybridized m chlorobenzene it is more electronegative than the sp hybridized carbon of chlorocyclohexane Consequently the withdrawal of electron density away from carbon by chlorine is less pronounced m aryl halides than m alkyl halides and the molecular dipole moment is smaller... 

The carbon-bromine bond is longer than the carbon-chlorine bond therefore although the charge e in the dipole moment expression p, = e d k smaller for the bromine than for the chlo nne compound the distance d is greater... 

Ethylene, /3-(dimethylamino)-nitro-in pyrrole synthesis, 4, 334 Ethylene, dithienyl-in photochromic processes, 1, 387 Ethylene, furyl-2-nitro-dipole moments, 4, 555 Ethylene, l-(3-indolyl)-2-(pyridyl)-photocyclization, 4, 285 Ethylene, l-(2-methyl-3-indolyl)-l,2-diphenyl-synthesis, 4, 232 Ethylene, (phenylthio)-photocyclization thiophenes from, 4, 880 Ethylene carbonate C NMR, 6, 754 microwave spectroscopy, 6, 751 photochemical chlorination, 6, 769 synthesis, 6, 780 Ethylene oxide as pharmaceutical, 1, 157 thiophene synthesis from, 4, 899 Ethylene sulfate — see 2,2-dioxide under 1,3,2-Dioxathiolane... 

The compounds FCl and ICl have dipole moments p. that are similar in magnitude (0.9 and 0.7 D, respectively) but opposite in direction. In one compound, chlorine is the positive end of the dipole in the other it is the negative end. Specify the direction of the dipole moment in each compound, and explain your reasoning. 

Greater reactivity gamma to an azine-nitrogen would be expected on the basis of the greater ara-quinoid than orf/io-quinoid interactions between various substituents and azine-nitrogens in ground states and excited states. Such a difference in interaction is supported by several kinds of data spectral,basicity, dipole moment, and chlorine quadrupole resonance of halo, methoxy,... 

Phosgene, CI2C=0, has a smaller dipole moment than formaldehyde, H2C=0, even though it contains electronegative chlorine atoms in place of hydrogen. Explain. 

Fluoromethane (CH3F, jj. = 1.81 D) has a smaller dipole moment than chloromethane (CH3C1, ix= 1.87 D) even though fluorine is more electronegative than chlorine. Explain. 

The molecules of trans-2,3- and -2,5-dichloro-l, 4-dioxanes in the crystal are in the chair conformation with both chlorine atoms occupying axial positions (29). In solution, too, there is a preference for this conformation however, the dipole moment for the former molecule in solution is higher than expected for the purely diaxial conformation (30). 

Values were also reported for the rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, and the chlorine nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of the three isotopic species F C1 02, F CF 02, and i F CF 0 0. The molecular dipole moment was found to be 1.722 0.03 D. 

Thus, if only one predictor is to be used, the number of chlorine atoms Nci is the best single predictor and the dipole moment is the worst single predictor. If we are not satisfied with a standard error (y — y ) of 33.4 °C, then we can escalate to... 

So the boiling points of this data set can be attributed much more to the number of chlorine atoms than to the dipole moment, with very little influence from the number of fluorine atoms. We are now using three parameters to explain 15 data points, for 15 - 3 = 12 degrees of freedom, and we have a standard error of 11.4 " C. If we want a standard deviation of less than 1 "C, then this is not good enough, and we would have to dig deeper for more hidden variables. 

The results are also shown in figure 5.11. Symmetry ranks just behind the number of chlorine atoms and the dipole moment in importance, but the number of fluorine... 

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