Chimera review

This assay has been thoroughly reviewed [34] and is outlined in Fig. 5. In brief, a cell is transfected with a reporter plasmid consisting of a GAL4 response element upstream from luciferase. NRs are produced as chimeras consisting of the GAIA... 

Fig. 6. Examples of types of meshes developed to resolve laminar flow around particles (a) Chimera grid. Reprinted, with permission, from the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 31 1999 by Annual Reviews www.annualreviews.org (b) Unstructured grid with layers of prismatic cells on particle surfaces. Reprinted from Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 56, Calis et al., CFD Modeling and Experimental Validation of Pressure Drop and Flow Profile in a Novel Structured Catalytic Reactor Packing, pp. 1713-1720, Copyright (2001), with permission from Elsevier.

The involvement of sialic acid in the interaction of leukocyte adhesion receptors of the selectins with their ligands has been a subject of numerous reviews. It is obvious from these studies that sialic acid is involved in this interaction because of the charge of its carboxylic group that can be substituted with sulfate [220]. More recently, selectin/mannose-binding protein chimeras have been constructed to understand the mechanism involved in the binding of sialylated Lexis oligosaccharide by this receptor [221]. 

There have been quite a few papers published which deal with fluorescence methods in prion research. Generally, three different approaches have been utilized. First, PrP chimeras with fluorescent proteins (e.g., green fluorescent protein, GFP) have been produced to study various aspects of cellular questions or protein folding. For example, fluorescence imaging techniques have been applied to study prion propagation in yeast (reviewed in [45]). Other examples concern attempts to study protein folding and the nature of aggregates. Kawei-Noma et al. analyzed the... 

The C-terminal loop in cupredoxins holding three of the copper ligands vary in length for the different cupredoxins. Cupredoxin chimeras have been generated where the C-terminal copper-binding loop of another cupredoxin has been grafted into the protein scaffold of another cupredoxin (for a recent review see Dennison ). These studies demonstrate the importance of loop-scaffold interactions for metal sites in cupredoxins and generally in proteins. 

Mixed-sex twins are less often found as chimeras but they are found at sufficient frequency to know they have their place. Because experimental mixed-sex mouse chimeras almost always show up as normal males, I find it plausible that the lower-than-binomially-expected frequency of mixed-sex human chimeras is probably caused by the large growth-rate advantage of XY embryonic cells - reviewed in Boklage, 2005. 

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) was introduced by Nielsen and coworkers, and is a chimera of DNA nucleobases with a peptide backbone (see also section 3.1 on ohgonucleotide-peptide conjugates). PNA is based on an aminoethyl-glycine backbone (18), and is therefore neutral. PNA binds tightly to complementary nucleic add, and is resistant to nucleases. One drawback of PNA is that sequences are often insoluble, and one way to resolve this is to include a lysine taU onto the PNA. Reports on PNA during this review period include new synthetic approaches, a number of new analogues as well as many novel apphcations. 

Although, there are many reviews on linear diblock chimeras, only a very few have addressed the synthesis of polypeptide-based materials with different macromolecular architectures (Hadjichristidis et al., 2009 Deming, 2006 Deming, 2000). In this chapter our discussion on the synthesis of well-defined complex chimeras, including linear multiblock co/ terpolymer, as well as nonlinear copolymer chimeras (e.g. star, graft, block-graft, dendritic), will hopefully enrich the current literature on macromolecular chimeras. This chapter will not address the self-assembly of these complex chimeras since this issue is discussed in another chapter of this volume. 

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