Chemistry-hydrodynamics coupling

Chemistry-Hydrodynamics Coupling and Feedback. Explicit energy feedback mechanisms from mixing and reactions to the turbulent velocity field and the macroscopic flow must be formulated... 

Models of atmospheric phenomena are similar to those of combustion and involve the coupling of exceedingly complex chemistry and physics with three-dimensional hydrodynamics. The distribution and transport of chemicals introduced into groundwater also involve a coupling of chemical reactions and transports through porous solid media. The development of groundwater models is critical to understanding the effects of land disposal of toxic waste (see Chapter 7). 

CV has become a standard technique in all fields of chemistry as a means of studying redox states. The method enables a wide potential range to be rapidly scanned for reducible or oxidizable species. This capability, together with its variable time scale and good sensitivity, makes CV the most versatile electroanalytical technique thus far developed. It must, however, be emphasized that its merits are largely in the realm of qualitative or diagnostic experiments. Quantitative measurements (of rates or concentrations) are best obtained via other means (e.g., step, pulse, or hydrodynamic techniques). Because of the kinetic control of many CV experiments, some caution is advisable when evaluating the results in terms of thermodynamic parameters (e.g., measurement of E° for irreversible couples). 

The fluidized bed coal gasifier computer model is designed to provide a description of the hydrodynamic mixing and coupled chemistry within the reactor. This model should permit a designer to predict bubble size,... 

The earliest applications of acoustic levitation in analytical chemistry were concerned with the development of various steps of the analytical process. Thus, Welter and Neidhart [72] studied the preconcentration of n-hexanol in methanol by solvent evaporation and the liquid-liquid extraction of n-hexanol from water to toluene in a levitated droplet, which they found to be efficient when using GC-FID with n-pentanol as internal standard. Solvent exchange of fluorescein from methylisobutyl ketone to aqueous sodium hydroxide was also accomplished. Sample concentration in an acoustically levitated droplet prior to injection into a CE equipped with an LIF or UV detector has also been accomplished [73,118]. The target analytes (namely, dansylated amino acids) were concentrated in the levitated drop and a limit of detection of 15 nM — much lower than the 2.5 pM achieved by hydrodynamic injection without preconcentration — was achieved following CE separation and quantification. For this purpose, 36000 sample droplets 2.3 pi in volume each were sequentially positioned in the acoustic Ievitator and evaporated. This example illustrates the potential of acoustic levitation for coupling to any type of detector for micro- or nanotrace analyses. 

Scott JC, Thomas NH (1999) Sea surface slicks - surface chemistry and hydrodynamics in radar remote sensing, in Wind-over-wave couplings. Perspectives... 

GRAPH 13.3 Formal Graph of the couphng between hydrodynamics and physical chemistry. Coupling Factor... 

Convection has long been coupled with electrochemistry, and the name hydrodynamic voltammetry has become standard. The standard work is the book by Levich [1] although he did not use that term. In electroanalytical chemistry we mainly seek reproducible conditions. These are almost always attained by systems in which a steady convective state is achieved, although not always. Thus, the once popular dropping mercury electrode (see texts such as [2,3]) has convection around it, but is never in steady state it might be called a reproducible periodic dynamic state. 

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