Chemistry atomic structure

Krebs, Robert E. The history and use of our earth s chemical elements a reference guide. Westport (CT) Greenwood P, 1998. ix, 346p. ISBN 0-313-30123-9 A short history of chemistry — Atomic structure The periodic table of the chemical elements — Alkali metals and alkali earth metals - Transition elements metals to nonmetals — Metallics and metalloids - Metalloids and nonmetals — Halogens and noble gases - Lanthanide series (rare-earth elements) — Actinide, transuranic, and transactinide series... 

The development of the structural theory of the atom was the result of advances made by physics. In the 1920s, the physical chemist Langmuir (Nobel Prize in chemistry 1932) wrote, The problem of the structure of atoms has been attacked mainly by physicists who have given little consideration to the chemical properties which must be explained by a theory of atomic structure. The vast store of knowledge of chemical properties and relationship, such as summarized by the Periodic Table, should serve as a better foundation for a theory of atomic structure than the relativity meager experimental data along purely physical lines. ... 

Computing the vibrational frequencies of molecules resulting from interatomic motion within the molecule. Frequencies depend on the second derivative of the energy with respect to atomic structure, and frequency calculations may also predict other properties which depend on second derivatives. Frequency calculations are not possible or practical for all computational chemistry methods. 

The discovery of hafnium was one of chemistry s more controversial episodes. In 1911 G. Urbain, the French chemist and authority on rare earths , claimed to have isolated the element of atomic number 72 from a sample of rare-earth residues, and named it celtium. With hindsight, and more especially with an understanding of the consequences of H. G. J. Moseley s and N. Bohr s work on atomic structure, it now seems very unlikely that element 72 could have been found in the necessary concentrations along with rare earths. But this knowledge was lacking in the early part of the century and, indeed, in 1922 Urbain and A. Dauvillier claimed to have X-ray evidence to support the discovery. However, by that time Niels Bohr had developed his atomic theory and so was confident that element 72 would be a... 

Toomet, R, DePierro, E., Garafalo, F. (2001). Helping students to make inferenees about the atomic realm by delaying the presentation of atomic structure. Chemistry Education Research... 

A complex ion is one that contains more than one ion. Because of its effect on mobility, complexation, the process by which complex ions form in solution, is very important for heavy metals and may be significant for organic wastes. Heavy metals are particularly prone to complexation because their atomic structure (specifically the presence of unfilled d-orbitals) favors the formation of strong bonds with polar molecules, such as water and ammonia (NH3), and anions, such as chloride (CO and cyanide (CN ). Depending on the chemistry of an injected waste and existing conditions, complexation can increase or decrease the waste s mobility. 

Figure 3.6 Radial wave functions R for atomic orbitals with n = 1,2, and 3. (Reproduced with permission from J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, and R. L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th ed., Harper Collins, 1993, Fig. 2.2 and G. Herzberg, Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure, 1944, Dover, New Y ork, 1944.)...

The modern theory of the electronic structure of the atom is based on experimental observations of the interaction of electricity with matter, studies of electron beams (cathode rays), studies of radioactivity, studies of the distribution of the energy emitted by hot solids, and studies of the wavelengths of light emitted by incandescent gases. A complete discussion of the experimental evidence for the modern theory of atomic structure is beyond the scope of this book. In this chapter only the results of the theoretical treatment will be described, These results will have to be memorized as rules of the game, but they will be used so extensively throughout the general chemistry course that the notation used will soon become familiar. 

He, X.M. and Carter, D.C. (1992) Atomic structure and chemistry of human serum albumin. Nature 358, 209-215. 

Actual catalysis is a chemical phenomenon, since the intimate mechanisms of catalytic transformations are determined by chemical interaction of reagents with the catalyst, atomic structure, and the energy of formed intermediate active complexes [5], It obviously is the world of molecular chemistry of the interface phenomena, kinetics, and mechanisms of catalytic transformations at a molecular level. 

Quotation from Sommerfeld, Atomic Structures, 79. On p. vi, Sommerfeld notes that in the chapter on the natural system of the elements, "the former discussions of molecular models and atomic volumes have been thoroughly pared down." At Harvard in 1925, Edwin Kemble s course in quantum mechanics included the second edition of Sommerfeld s Aufbau, according to Schweber (1990 348). Similarly, Joseph Hirschfelder was reading it as an undergraduate at Yale according to Hirschfelder, "My Adventures in Theoretical Chemistry," Ann.Rev.P.Chem. 33 (1983) 129, on 4. 

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