Chemicals pyrotechnics

Streng, Several High Temperature Reactions Involving Cyanogen and Like Compounds as High Brightness Chemical Pyrotechnic Sources ... 

Yoshida, T. et al., Safety of Reactive Chemicals Pyrotechnics, p29, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1995... 

T. Watkins, J.C. Cackett and R.G. Hall, Chemicals, Pyrotechnics and the Fireworks Industry, Oxford Permagon Press (1968), p. 9. 

Chemical Pyrotechnics —Fire Production —Fire and Water—Fire-Eating. ... 

CHEMICAL PYROTECHNICS—FIRE PRODUCTION-FIRE AND WATER—FIRE-EATING. 

Grenade—A small explosive or chemical (pyrotechnic) missile, thrown by hand or propelled from a rifle or special launcher. 

Propellants and explosives are chemical compounds or mixtures that rapidly produce large volumes of hot gases when properly initiated. Propellants bum at relatively low rates measured in centimeters per second explosives detonate at rates of kilometers per second. Pyrotechnic materials evolve large amounts of heat but much less gas than propellants and explosives (see Pyrotechnics). 

K. O. Brauer, Handbook of Pyrotechnics, Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1974. 

Annual Proceedings of the Safety Seminars, Dept, of Defense, Explosive Safety Board, Washington, D.C. International symposia on explosives and closely related subjects are excellent sources of information, ie, international symposia on detonation symposia on combustion symposia on chemical problems connected with the stabiUty of explosives international pyrotechnics seminars symposia on compatibiUty of plastics and other materials with explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, and processing of explosives, propellants, and ingredients and symposia on explosives and pyrotechnics Mineral Industy Surveys, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Periodic pubhcations dedicated primarily to explosive studies in Propellants and Explosives Journal of Ha yardous Materials, and apparent consumption of industrial explosives and blasting agents in the United States. 

Lead dioxide is electrically conductive and is formed ia place as the active material of the positive plates of lead-acid storage batteries. Because it is a vigorous oxidizing agent when heated, it is used ia the manufacture of dyes, chemicals, matches (qv), pyrotechnics (qv), and Hquid polysulfide polymers (42) (see Polypous containing sulfur). 

Uses. Phosphoms(V) sulfide is used in the manufacture of lubricating oil additives, insecticides, ore flotation agents, and specialty chemicals. Phosphoms sesquisulfide, P4S2, has been used extensively in the manufacture of stnkeanywhere matches (qv). In addition, small quantities are used in fireworks (see Pyrotechnics). 

Pyrotechnics is based on the estabflshed principles of thermochemistry and the more general science of thermodynamics. There has been Httle work done on the kinetics of pyrotechnic reactions, largely due to the numerous chemical and nonchemical factors that affect the bum rate of a pyrotechnic mixture. Information on the fundamentals of pyrotechnics have been pubflshed in Russian (1) and English (2—6). Thermochemical data that ate useful in determining the energy outputs anticipated from pyrotechnic mixtures are contained in general chemical handbooks and more specialized pubHcations (7-9). 

A pyrotechnic composition contains one or more oxidizers in combination with one or more fuels. Oxidizers used in pyrotechnics, such as potassium nitrate, KNO, are soflds at room temperature and release oxygen when heated to elevated temperatures. The oxygen then combines with the fuel, and heat is generated by the resulting chemical reaction. Chemicals that release fluorine or chlorine on heating, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)... 

Wire sparklers are wires coated with pyrotechnic composition which are hand-held and produce a gende spray of gold sparks from iron filings. Fountains are cardboard tubes filled with chemical mixtures that produce a spray of color and sparks extending 2—5 m into the air. Roman candles are cylindrical tubes which repeatedly fire colored stars distances of 5—20 m into the air. These items typically contain 5—12 stars. 

Some occupational hygiene aspects of man-made mineral fibres and new technology fibres Safe handling requirements dunng explosive, propellant and pyrotechnic manufacture Simplified calculations of blast induced injuries and damage Laboratory work with chemical carcinogens and oncogenes Rosin (colophony) a review... 

The US Dept of Defense Mil Spec for K nitrate is MIL-P-156B (18 April 1956) with Amendment 1 (31 July 1974). Three classes are specified Class 1 - for use in black powder and chemical munitions Class 2 - for use in pyrotechnic compositions and Class 3 — for use in propellants. The chemical requirements for these classes are given below ... 

The US Dept of Defense Spec for Sr nitrate is M1L-S-20322B (19 Apr 1973). Two grades are specified, Grade A for use in pyrotechnic compns, such as flares, and Grade B, for use in tracer compns. The chemical and physical requirements are given below ... 

No-Fire Level. The max level of electric energy input that will in no case, within a specified time, initiate an expl-actuated device Ref K.O. Brauer, Handbook of Pyrotechnics , Chemical Publishing Co, NY (1974), 387... 

EngrDesHndbk, Military Pyrotechnics Series, Part Three, Properties of Materials Used in Pyrotechnic Compositions , AMCP 706-187 (1963) 6) Ellem (1968), 136ff 7) R. Lancaster, T. Shimizu, R.E.A. Butler R.G. Hall, Fireworks, Principles and Practice , Chemical Publishing Co, NY (1972), 49... 

Ref 130, p 220) and by Great Britain (Vol 3, C498-R). These rockets utilized BlkPdr as proplnt, fuse (Ref 122) and as an expl. Up to the middle of the last century the history of pyrotechnics is the history of BlkPdr. Even now, as will be discussed in Section 7, large quantities of BlkPdr are used as an igniter. By the late 18 th century a new age in pyrotechnics commenced thru the synthesis of K chlorate (Vol 2, C190-R), the discovery of Fulminates (Vol 6, F216-R) and the identification of the minerals which would impart color to a flame. The discovery of electricity brought about pure chemicals and hence, better flame colors, new oxi-... 

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