Chemical diagnosis

Yamaguchi S, Yamamoto H, Mizukoshi R, et al. 1992. Rapid chemical diagnosis of kerosene ingestion by NMR. Clinical Chemistry. 38(4) 593. 

Young DS. Biological variability. In Brown SS, Mitchell FLDS, Yoxmg DS, eds. Chemical diagnosis of disease. Amsterdam Elsevier Science Publishing Co, 1979 113. 

The reader is certainly familiar with the traditional group-frequency approach generally used in the past 50 years for the chemical application of the infrared spectra (Section 3.4). Correlation tables and books have been written which discuss group-frequency correlations and provide the way to carry out a chemical diagnosis from the vibrational spectrum (so far, the infrared spectra have enjoyed great popularity the reader is advised to extend their interest to the very useful and easily available Raman spectra). 

Gjessing, L. R. and Hjermann, I., Difficulties in chemical diagnosis in phaeochromo-cytoma. Lancet, 1964, p. 1014. 

Agosti et al. [969] reported a number of Raman spectra (no resonance enhancement because of NIR excitation) of a selection of oligo- and polythiophenes, and they searched for structure-property correlations that possibly can be derived from the vibrational data. Some relationships that are particularly useful for chemical diagnosis were proposed. 

The localized character of many vibrational motions in a complex molecule has allowed the development of a very large and systematic correlative body of work on group frequencies that has formed the basis for chemical and structural analysis for many years [1-3]. Most of the chemical functional groups vibrate with characteristic frequencies that show some dependence on their chemical and structural environment, thus providing essential information to synthetic chemists. Routine NMR techniques have pushed instrumental chemical diagnosis much further, allowing chemical characterization in greater detail. 

Matsumoto I (ed) (1992) Advances in Chemical Diagnosis and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Vol 1. Chichester Wiley. 

The examples given above represent only a few of the many demonstrated photochemical appHcations of lasers. To summarize the situation regarding laser photochemistry as of the early 1990s, it is an extremely versatile tool for research and diagnosis, providing information about reaction kinetics and the dynamics of chemical reactions. It remains difficult, however, to identify specific processes of practical economic importance in which lasers have been appHed in chemical processing. The widespread use of laser technology for chemical synthesis and the selective control of chemical reactions remains to be realized in the future. 

Radiochemical tracers, compounds labeled with radioisotopes (qv), have become one of the most powerful tools for detection and analysis in research, and to a limited extent in clinical diagnosis (see Medical IMAGING TECHNOLOGY). A molecule or chemical is labeled using a radioisotope either by substituting a radioactive atom for a corresponding stable atom in the compound, such as substituting for H, for or for P, and for for... 

Because alcohol intoxication may be simulated by many pathologic conditions, including diabetic acidosis, the postconvulsive depression of epilepsy, uremia, head injuries, and poisonings by any other central nervous depressant and some stimulants (280), a diagnosis of acute alcoholism should not be made casually chemical testing of blood, urine, or expired air is always desirable. 

In the chemical engineering domain, neural nets have been appHed to a variety of problems. Examples include diagnosis (66,67), process modeling (68,69), process control (70,71), and data interpretation (72,73). Industrial appHcation areas include distillation column operation (74), fluidized-bed combustion (75), petroleum refining (76), and composites manufacture (77). 

J. C. Hoskins, K. M. Kahyur, and D. M. Himmelblau, "The AppHcation of Artificial Neural Networks to Fault Diagnosis in Chemical Processing," paper presented tAIChE Spring Meetings Houston, Tex., 1988. 

Fan, J.Y., M. Nikolaou, and R.E. White, An Approach to Fault Diagnosis of Chemical Processes via Neural Networks, AJChF Journal, 39(1), 1993, 82-88. (Relational model development, neural networks)... 

Watanahe, K. and D.M. Himmelhlau, Incipient Fault Diagnosis of Nonlinear Processes with Multiple Causes of Faults, Chemical Engineeiing... 

A fault may interfere with the effectiveness or the func tioning of the unit (Watanabe, K., and D.M. Himmelblau, Incipient Fault Diagnosis of Nonhnear Processes with Multiple Causes of Faults, Chemical Engineering Science, 39(3), 1984, 491-508). The first question addresses the effectiveness. The second two address the functioning. Fault detection is a unit monitoring activity, done automatically or periodically, to determine whether the unit operation has changed. 

Many traditional allergists and other physicians discount the existence of an MCS diagnosis. They claim that there is not yet sufficient evidence that MCS exists. Research efforts regarding the mechanisms that cause MCS have been inadequate and unfortunately are often financed and supported by the industries which benefit from chemical proliferation. Generally medical doctors have not been trained to... 

In hospitals, chemical analysis is widely used to assist in the diagnosis of illness and in monitoring the condition of patients. In farming, the nature and level of fertiliser application is based upon information obtained by analysis of the soil to determine its content of the essential plant nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and of the trace elements which are necessary for healthy plant growth. 

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