Chemically complex lubricant systems

Overall, this work highlights how quantum chemical methods can be used to study tribochemical reactions within chemically complex lubricant systems. The results shed light on processes that are responsible for the conversion of loosely connected ZP molecules derived from anti-wear additives into stiff, highly connected anti-wear films, which is consistent with experiments. Additionally, the results explain why these films inhibit wear of hard surfaces, such as iron, yet do not protect soft surface such as aluminum. The simulations also explained a large number of other experimental observations pertaining to ZDDP anti-wear films and additives.103 Perhaps most importantly, the simulations demonstrate the importance of cross-linking within the films, which may aid in the development of new anti-wear additives. 

The AC impedance technique is compatible with both conventional and microfabrication technologies, allowing production of rugged devices for applications in the harsh, highly resistive, chemically complex, and often aggressive media of industrial lubricants and colloids [25]. EIS presents an opportunity to resolve complicated nonaqueous colloidal system both spatially and chemically, and can be applied to monitoring lubricant s degradation process. 

The lack of satisfactory solvent recovery methods prior to 1930 prevented the use of selective solvents more suitable for lubricating oils. The major part of any solvent extraction plant is its complex solvent recovery system. Chemical engineering s contributions to distillation theory and process design resulted in the development of efficient solvent recovery techniques. In 1933, as illustrated by Figure 3, large commercial plants were... 

The foregoing has made it abundantly clear that the automotive catalyst in itself is a very complex chemical system and becomes even more so when all the subtle interactions with the exhaust environment are taken into account. Relatively minor fuel constituents such as the always present sulfur or small amounts of halides may have a pronounced effect on its overall behavior. By no means has the preceding been a complete account of all the possible interactions. Thus we have omitted the important effects of possible alloy formation between the active metals [18, 19] and the various deactivating influences deriving from automotive lubricants, the most important being the effect of phosphorus [20], Further, quite often unexpected contaminants may do severe harm to the emission hardware [21],... 

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