Chemical refining general practices

Acid degumming of sunflower oil is not generally required because of the low concentration of the phospholipids in the oil. Some processors degum poor quality sunflower oil with citric acid treatment. The results are satisfactory. However, this is not commonly followed in the sunflower processing industry. Some processors also pre-treat crude sunflower oil with phosphoric acid or citric acid before chemical refining. This is a common practice for refining most vegetable oils. 

The previous notes give our readers the minimal information that is necessary to appreciate the possibly very complex bifurcation, instability and chaos behavior of chemical and biological engineering systems. While the current industrial practice in petrochemical petroleum refining and in biological systems does not heed the importance of these phenomena and their implications on the design, optimization and control of catalytic and biocatalytic reactors, it is more than obvious that these phenomena are extremely important. Bifurcation, instability and chaos in these systems are generally due to nonlinearity... 

A second question is what might be done to improve selectivity beyond the usual practice of refiners to maximize mixing, maximize the isobutane to olefin ratio, lower the temperature and reduce the olefin space velocity. One approach is to decide what s rate determining and then to develop a chemical solution. This paper will be concerned with developing evidence that hydride transfer from a tertiary paraffin is generally slow and may be considered to be the rate determining step. The fact that a cation abstracts from Isobutane relatively slowly compared to... 

The general area of chemical synthesis covers virtually all segments of the chemical industry—oil refining, bulk or commodity chemicals, fine chemicals including agrochemicals, flavors, fragrances etc., and pharmaceuticals. Economics generally dictates the feasibility of processes that are practical. ... 

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