Chemical reaction defined

In this section, we have examined how the coupling between mass transfer and the chemical reaction defines the concentration profile of the limiting reagent (i.e., hydrogen), and how the mass or molar flow between the gas and the liquid phase can be computed. In the next section, the estimation of the overall rate of reaction (i.e., the reactor productivity) will be reviewed for different gas-liquid reactors. 

According to reports of Kharasch et al. [57] the chemical reaction defined by the scheme (58) occurs when conditions favour the formation of radicals in the solution of an ionizable solvent and when the Xe-anion thus formed is sufficiently stable. 

FREE ENERGY CHANGE. The change in the Gibbs free energy lor a chemical reaction, defined as... 

A neat illustration of how the requirements of the chemical reaction define the specificity of the catalyst was given by using polymeric chelates ofbis(hy-droxy-8-quinolyl)-4-methane. The order of reactivity for different complexed metal ions for H202-decomposition was 4S)... 

Recall fliat is the dimensionless extent of the mth-independent chemical reaction defined hy... 

A chemical reaction, defined as a change in the chemical state of the system, is typically accompanied by a release of energy to, or an uptake of energy from the surroundings. This energy transfer typically involves another form of energy, in patterns shown in Fig. 1.2. 

Write the equation for the AG of a chemical reaction. Define the standard free-energy change (AG°) define AG and AG°. Interconvert kilocalories and kilojoules. 

The basic equation from which one calculates the composition of an equilibrium mixture is equation (2.4.7). Application of this relation to the chemical reaction defined by equation (2.4.5) gives... 

Differential rate law (11.3) Mathematical expression for the rate of a chemical reaction defined in terms of the rate of change in the concentration of a reactant or product. 

From a severely chemical point of view, by far the most important thermodynamic equations are those that relate the yield of a chemical reaction to other thermodynamic quantities. The yield of a chemical reaction, defined for our purpose as the mole fraction of a desired product present at equilibrium at a specified temperature and a specified pressure and for specified initial amounts of all the substances (those that do not appear in the equation for the chemical reaction as well as those that do), can of course be measured directly. To measure the yield of every conceivable chemical reaction under every conceivable condition of temperature, pressure, and initial amounts of all the substances would, however, be a most daunting task to say the least. Happily, it is often unnecessary. Thermodynamic equations can be used to calculate the yield of a given reaction under given conditions, with varying degrees of accuracy, from such measured quantities as a value of the yield of the same reaction under some different conditions, or from the measured values of the yields of a set of reactions for which the equations sum to that of the reaction in question, or from the measured values of quantities, for example calorimetri-cally determined enthalpy changes and heat capacities, which do not include the yield of any reaction, or from combinations of these. 

In practical cases, the difficulty of obtaining the required data leads the designer to use a simplified procedure using the physical absorption equations previously described together with mass transfer coefficients obtained from past experience. Despite the fact that the chemical reaction defines processes in the liquid phase, it is common practice to use... 

Let us now think about the time-dependent behaviour of a chemical system and how we might describe it using information from the kinetic reaction system. The simplest practical case here would be one or more reactants reacting in a well-mixed vessel to form one or more products over time. In this case, if the molar concentration Yj of the / th species is measured at several consecutive time points, then by applying a finite-difference approach, the production rate of the /th species dTy/df can be calculated. The rate of a chemical reaction defined by stoichiometric equation (2.1) is the following ... 

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