Hydrogen chemical production

The direct decomposition of water vapor in plasma is obviously the most natural and straightforward approach to plasma-chemical hydrogen production ... 

PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND SULFUR TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PLASMA-CHEMICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION... 

Glasscock, J.A., Barnes, P.R.F., Plumb, I.C., Sawides, N. Enhancement of photoelectro-chemical hydrogen production from hematite thin films by the introdnctimi of Ti and Si. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 16477 (2007)... 

Fig. 7.8 Hydrogen cost sensitivity analyses for the four reactor types evaluated in the DTI techno-economics report on Photoelectro-chemical Hydrogen Production. Projected hydrogen costs as a function of efficiency, lifetime, and materials cost are shown...

As can be seen, most of the furfural produced in this country is consumed as an intermediate for other chemicals. Hydrogenation to furfuryl alcohol is the largest use. Some of the furfuryl alcohol is further hydrogenated to produce tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. The next major product is furan, produced by decarbonylation. Furan is a chemical intermediate, most of it is hydrogenated to tetrahydrofuran, which in turn is polymerized to produce polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG). 

Much more important is the hydrogenation product of butynediol, 1,4-butanediol [110-63-4]. The intermediate 2-butene-l,4-diol is also commercially available but has found few uses. 1,4-Butanediol, however, is used widely in polyurethanes and is of increasing interest for the preparation of thermoplastic polyesters, especially the terephthalate. Butanediol is also used as the starting material for a further series of chemicals including tetrahydrofuran, y-butyrolactone, 2-pyrrohdinone, A/-methylpyrrohdinone, and A/-vinylpyrrohdinone (see Acetylene-DERIVED chemicals). The 1,4-butanediol market essentially represents the only growing demand for acetylene as a feedstock. This demand is reported (34) as growing from 54,000 metric tons of acetylene in 1989 to a projected level of 88,000 metric tons in 1994. 

Catalysts. Iodine and its compounds ate very active catalysts for many reactions (133). The principal use is in the production of synthetic mbber via Ziegler-Natta catalysts systems. Also, iodine and certain iodides, eg, titanium tetraiodide [7720-83-4], are employed for producing stereospecific polymers, such as polybutadiene mbber (134) about 75% of the iodine consumed in catalysts is assumed to be used for polybutadiene and polyisoprene polymeri2a tion (66) (see RUBBER CHEMICALS). Hydrogen iodide is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of acetic acid from methanol (66). A 99% yield as acetic acid has been reported. In the heat stabiH2ation of nylon suitable for tire cordage, iodine is used in a system involving copper acetate or borate, and potassium iodide (66) (see Tire cords). 

K. van Gorp, E. Boerman, C.V. Cavenaghi and P.H. Berben, Catalytic hydrogenation of fine chemicals sorbitol production, Catalysis Today 52 (1999) 349. 

Keywords chemical energy conversion energy storage chemical heat pump separation hydrogen production reaction equilibrium... 

Jang, J.S., Li, W., Oh, S.H., and Lee, J.S. (2006) Fabrication of CdS/Ti02 nano-bulk composite photocatalysts for hydrogen production from aqueous H2S solution under visible light. Chemical Physics Letters, 425 (4-6), 278-282. 

Hundreds of cycles have been studied from the viewpoint of the feasibility of component chemical reactions in terms of conversion ratio or product separation, theoretical thermal efficiency of hydrogen production, etc. [16]. Among them, those that utilize thermal decomposition of sulfuric acid, which are categorized as "sulfur cycles," have been considered one of the most promising cycles. 

Terada, A. et al., Development program of hydrogen production by thermo-chemical water splitting IS process, ICONE-13-50183, in Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Nucl. Eng., Beijing, China, May 16-20, 2005. 

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