Chemical functionalization FTIR analysis

Infrared measurement of additive concentrations is a more complex analysis than initially expected, as some additives may undergo a variety of chemical reactions during processing, as shown by Reeder et al. [128] for the FTIR analysis of phosphites in polyolefins. Some further examples of IR work refer to PVC/metal stearates [129], and PE/Santonox R [68,130]. Klingbeil [131] has examined the decomposition of various organic peroxyesters (TBPB, TBPP, TBPA and TBPO) and a peroxidicarbonate (BOPD) as a function of pressure, temperature and solvent by means of quantitative FTIR using an optical high p, T reaction cell. 

In the past, although FTIR and ESCA were known to offer a great deal of information on specific chemical functional groups of surfaces, little application was made of these analytical tools in the field of conservation and restoration science and technology. A survey of instrumental analysis citations since 1953 in the conservation literature showed that only one FTIR work was published in Studies in Conservation in 1977 and two ESCA papers were published in Archaeometry in 1976. None appeared in Arts and Archaeology Technical Abstracts (AATA). 

This exercise affords students an opportunity to measure actual UV and FTIR absorption spectra of several organic solutes while comparing overall differences in UV and FTIR spectra for chemically similar and dissimilar organic solutes. The laboratory experiment focuses on the influence of delocalization of electron density and the nature of UV absorption spectra. The experiment also focuses on the relationship of organic functional group analysis and FTIR absorption spectra. A review of an appropriate text which reviews the theory of UV vis and FTIR absorption spectroscopy and molecular structure gives an appreciation of what will be observed in the laboratory (3). 

Infrared analysis Used to identify the chemical functional groups present in the sample and also the types of bonds in it by detecting the absorption spectra of vibrational levels of atoms or molecules. FTIR In a dispersive IR-Spectrometer, component frequencies are viewed individually with Fourier Transform IR. All frequencies are simultaneously examined in much more details. 

The chemical functional group of the synthesized calcium phosphate powder was determined by using FTIR analysis. Figure 3 for example shows the FTIR spectra for HA powder through dry mechanochemical synthesis with different speeds. 

Figure 11.3 ATR-FTIR analysis of commercial silicone elastomeric foam (Dow Corning RTV 5370). Although the overall chemical functionalities of the silicone are observable using vibrational spectroscopy, they provide only broad average of the materials structure and provide little information on the network structure and morphology.

A calibration curve is prepared, using absorbance versus concentration plot, so that the concentration of the unknown component can be determined. But quantitative analysis for a complex system like vulcanised rubber or a blend of two or three components, is not possible. The use of computers with the FTIR spectrometer, increases the rapid scanning capability, data processing for analysis of chemical or physical structural changes in polymers as a function of time over the entire mid-IR frequency. 

The measurement of acidity in paper documents with cold- and hot-water extraction frequently distorts and damages the paper fibers and printing inks. Many paper conservators and museum curators have long desired a reliable and rapid method for the detection of acidity of paper documents in a nondestructive manner so that they can determine the acidity routinely to screen out valuable book documents for deacidification or other necessary preservation treatments. The objective of this chapter is to introduce two spectroscopic techniques, namely, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR) and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), for chemical analysis of paper surfaces. The effectiveness of these techniques in analyzing and determining the presence of acidic functional groups on paper documents is demonstrated. 

Scientists have used a wide arsenal of analytical techniques to monitor chemical and physical transformations of polymers following exposure to laser radiation, among which UV-Vis absorption, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy for detection of free radicals, GC/MS analysis, FTIR for detection of various functional groups and bonds, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for the chemical composition of surfaces, optical, and fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) for surface topography, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for in situ mass loss measurements, and so forth. 

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