Chemical Engineering Science

The scientific basis of extractive metallurgy is inorganic physical chemistry, mainly chemical thermodynamics and kinetics (see Thermodynamic properties). Metallurgical engineering reties on basic chemical engineering science, material and energy balances, and heat and mass transport. Metallurgical systems, however, are often complex. Scale-up from the bench to the commercial plant is more difficult than for other chemical processes. 

A fault may interfere with the effectiveness or the func tioning of the unit (Watanabe, K., and D.M. Himmelblau, Incipient Fault Diagnosis of Nonhnear Processes with Multiple Causes of Faults, Chemical Engineering Science, 39(3), 1984, 491-508). The first question addresses the effectiveness. The second two address the functioning. Fault detection is a unit monitoring activity, done automatically or periodically, to determine whether the unit operation has changed. 

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Al-Rashed, M.H., Jones, A.G., 1999b. CFD modelling of gas-liquid reactive precipitation. Chemical Engineering Science, 54, 4779-4784. 

Aoun, M., Plasari, E., Davis, R. and Villenuaux, I., 1999. A simultaneous determination of nucleation and growth rates from batch spontaneous precipitation. Chemical Engineering Science, 54, 1161-1180. 

Baldyga, J. and Bourne, J.R., 1992. Interactions between mixing on various scales in stirred tank reactors. Chemical Engineering Science, 47, 1839-1848. 

Baldyga, J. and Orciuch, W., 2001. Barium sulphate precipitation in a pipe - an experimental study and CFD modelling. Chemical Engineering Science, 56(7), 2435-2444. 

Baldyga, J., Bourne, J.R. and Hearn, S.J., 1997. Interaction between chemical reactions and mixing on different scales. Chemical Engineering Science, 52, 457-466. 

Baldyga, J., Podgorska, W. and Pohorecki, R., 1995. Mixing-precipitation model with application to double feed semibatch precipitation. Chemical Engineering Science, 50, 1281-1300. 

Bramley, A.S., Hounslow, M.J. and Ryall, R.L., 1996b. Aggregation during precipitation from solution. Kinetics for calcium oxalate monohydrate. Chemical Engineering Science, 52, lAl-lSl. 

Chen, J., Zheng, C. and Chen, G., 1996. Interaction of macro- and micromixing on particle size distribution in reactive precipitation. Chemical Engineering Science, 51, 1957-1966. 

Chianese, A., Di Berardino, F. and Jones, A.G., 1993. On the effect of crystal breakage on the fine crystal distribution from a seeded batch crystallizer. Chemical Engineering Science, 48, 551-560. 

Conti, R. and Nienow, A.W., 1980. Particle Abrasion at High Solids Concentration in Stirred Vessels - II. Chemical Engineering Science, 35, 543-547. 

Danckwerts, P.V., 1958. The effect of incomplete mixing on homogeneous reactions. Chemical Engineering Science, 8, 93-99. 

Englezos, P., Kalogerakis, N., Dholababhai, P.D. and Bishnoi, P.R., 1987a. Kinetics of fonuation of methane and ethane gas hydrates. Chemical Engineering Science, 42(11), 2647-2658. 

Falk, L. and Schaer, E., 2001. A PDF modelling of precipitation reactors. Chemical Engineering Science, 56, 2445-2458. 

Font, R. and Laveda, M.L., 1996. Design method of continuous thickeners from semibatch tests of sedimentation. Chemical Engineering Science, 51, 5007-5015. 

Foscolo, P.U., Gibilaro, L.G. and Waldram, S.P., 1983. A unified model for particulate expansion of fluidised beds and flow in porous media. Chemical Engineering Science, 38, 1251-1260. 

Fournier, M.-C., Falk, L. and Villermaux, J., 1996. A new parallel competing reaction system for assessing micromixing efficiency - experimental approach. Chemical Engineering Science, 51, 5053-5064. 

Franck, R., David, R., Villenuaux, J. and Klein, J.P., 1988. Crystallization and precipitation engineering - II. A chemical reaction engineering approach to salicylic acid precipitation Modelling of batch kinetics and application to continuous operation. Chemical Engineering Science, 43, 69-11. 

Franke, J. and Mersmann, A., 1995. The influence of the operational conditions on the precipitation process. Chemical Engineering Science, 50, 1737-1753. 

Gahn, C. and Mersman, A., 1999a. Brittle fracture in crystallization processes Part A. Attrition and abrasion of brittle solids. Chemical Engineering Science, 54, 1273-1282. 

Garside, J. and Jancic, S.J., 1978. Prediction and measurement of crystal size distribution for size-dependent growth. Chemical Engineering Science, 4331. 

Garside, J. and Tavare, N.S., 1985. Mixing, reaction and precipitation limits of micromixing in an MSMPR crystallizer. Chemical Engineering Science, 40, 1485-1493. 

Gertlauer, A., Mitrovic, A., Motz, S. and Gilles, E.-D., 2001. A population balance model for crystallization processes using two independent particles properties. Chemical Engineering Science, 56(7), 2553-2565. 

Hughmark, G.A., 1969. Mass transfer foe suspended solid particles in agitated liquids. Chemical Engineering Science, 24, 287-291. 

Hulburt, H.M. and Katz, S., 1964. Some problems in particle technology - a statistical mechanical fomiulation. Chemical Engineering Science, 19, 555-574. 

Jones, A.G., Budz, I. and Mullin, I.W., 1987. Batch crystallization and solid-liquid separation of potassium sulphate. Chemical Engineering Science, 42, 619-629. 

Jones, A.G. and Mullin, J.W., 1974. Programmed cooling crystallization of potassium sulphate solutions. Chemical Engineering Science, 29, 105-118. 

Jones, A.G., Hostomsky, J. and Zhou Li, 1992a. On the effect of liquid mixing rate on primary crystal size during the gas-liquid precipitation of calcium carbonate. Chemical Engineering Science, 47, 3817-3824. 

Khan, A.R and Richardson, J.F., 1990. Pressure gradient and friction factor for sedimentation and fluidisation of uniform spheres in liquids. Chemical Engineering Science, 45, 255-265. 

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