Chemical engineering agitation

Dl = diffusivity of transferring solute in liquid, m /sec If the diffusivity, Dl, needed for use in the above equations is not known, it can be estimated from data or methods given in the Perry s Chemical Engineers, Handbook (Section 14 in 4th Edition or Section 3 in 5th Edition). Note that the calculation of the mass transfer coefficients for a given regime involves only physical properties and is independent of agitation conditions. 

Figure 7-9. Agitator flow patterns, (a) Axial or radial impellers without baffles produoe vortex, (b) Off-oenter looation reduoes the vortex, (o) Axial impeller with baffles, (d) Radial impeller with baffles. (Source Wales, S. M., Chemioal Prooess Equipment—Seleotion and Design, Butterworths Series in Chemical Engineering, 1988.)...

Source Myers, K., et al., Agitation for Success, The Chemical Engineer, Oct. 10, 1996. Reproduced with permission of IChemE. 

Hughmark, G.A., 1969. Mass transfer foe suspended solid particles in agitated liquids. Chemical Engineering Science, 24, 287-291. 

Jones, A.G. and Mullin, J.W., 1973. Crystallization kinetics of potassium sulphate in a draft-tube agitated vessel. Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, 51, 362-368. 

Mazzarotta, B., 1992. Abrasion and Breakage Phenomena in Agitated Crystal Suspensions. Chemical Engineering Science, 47, 3105-3111. 

Middleman, S., 1965. Mass transfer from particles in agitated systems Application of the Kolmogorov theory. American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, 11, 750-752. 

Ness, I.N. and White, E.T., 1976. Collision in an agitated crystallizer. American Institute of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series, 72(153), 64-73. 

Synowiec, P., Jones, A.G. and Shamlou, P.A., 1993. Crystal break-up in dilute tur-bulently agitated suspensions. Chemical Engineering Science, 48, 3485-3495. 

Tanimoto, A.K., Kobayashi, K. and Fujita, S., 1964. Overall crystallization rate of copper sulfate pentahydrate in an agitated vessel. International Chemical Engineering, 4(1), 153. 

Tipnis, S.K., Penney, W.R. and Fasano, J.B., 1994. An experimental investigation to detemiine a scale-up method for fast competitive parallel reactions in agitated vessels. American Institute of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series, 299, 78-91. 

Wojcik, J. and Jones, A.G., 1998b. Particle disruption of precipitated CaC03 crystal agglomerates in turbulently agitated suspensions. Chemical Engineering Science, 53, 1097-1101. 

Zweiteriiig, T.N., 1958. Suspension of solid particles in liquids by agitators. Chemical Engineering Science, 8, 244. 

Ulbrecht, J. The Chemical Engineer (London) No. 286 (1974) 347. Mixing of viscoelastic fluids by mechanical agitation. 

As an initial (demonstration) application of the Icon/1000 control system, we automated two simultaneous acrylic lab polymerizations. In this application, heaters, agitators, and metering pumps are controlled. A batch proceeds automatically from state to state unless the operator intervenes through one of a series of color CRT touch screens allowing him to take complete manual control of the batch for as long as he desires. All important process variables are continually monitored and recorded. The entire control scheme was created, tested, and modified several times in the space of two months, without formal instruction, by a chemical engineer with little previous programming experience and no previous experience at all with this system. 

Ho, C.F., Kwanga, A A Guide to Designing Special Agitators, Chemical Engineering, July 23,1973, p. 95. 

Parker, N. Agitated Thin-Film Evaporators-Equipment and Economics, Chemical Engineering, Sept. 13, 1965, p. 179. 

Derrick, G.C. Estimating the Cost of Jacketed Agitated and Baffled Reactors, Chemical Engineering, Oct. 9, 1967, p. 272. 

Figure 2.35 Effect of agitation in methanol boiling at 1 atm. (From Pramuk and Westwater, 1956. Copyright 1956 by American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York. Reprinted with permission.)... 

It is important to calculate U accurately to determine the required heat transfer area for a reactor. Typical expressions to calculate overall heat transfer coefficients for agitated vessels are presented in [174,180] and generally in standard chemical engineering texts and reference books. 

Factors involved in heat transfer, such as surface-to-volume ratio, agitation characteristics, mixing efficiency, fouling of heat transfer surfaces, scale of operations, and the resulting heat exchanged depend on the system under consideration (e.g., liquid-liquid transfer, liquid-gas transfer, free convection, or forced convection). Standard chemical engineering texts and reference books contain detailed discussions on heat transfer in process equipment. Only a brief summary follows ... 

Brown, R.W., Scott, R. and Toyne, C., An investigation of heat transfer in agitated jacketed cast iron vessels, Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, 25, pp. 181-8 (1947). 

Gladki H. Power dissipation, thrust force and average shear stress in the mixing tank with a free jet agitator. In Tatterson GB, Calabrese RV, Penny WR, eds. Industrial Mixing Fundamentals with Applications. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineering, 1995 146-149. 

B. Y. Tao. Optimization via the simplex method. Chemical Engineering 95 85, 1988. L. E. Gates, J. R. Morton, P. L. Fondy. Selecting agitator system to suspend solids in liquid. Chem. Engineering 24 144-150, 1976. 

Cheminecr Co. Staff, Liquid Agitation, Reprint of 12 articles from Chemical Engineering, 8 Dec. 1975-6 Dec. 1976. 

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