Chemical element couples, redox potential

In the assessment of the refining performance of uranium, systematic data has been reported for the chemical properties of uranium complex in various alkali chlorides such as LiCl-RbCl and LiCl-CsCl mixtures [3-5], Information on the coordination circumstance of solute ions is also important since it should be correlated with stability. The polarizing power of electrolyte cations controls the local structure around neodymium trivalent Nd " " as an example of f-elements and the degree of its distortion from octahedral symmetry is correlated with thermodynamic properties of NdClg " complex in molten alkali chlorides [6]. On the other hand, when F coexists with Cr in melts, it is well-known that the coordination circumstances of solute ions are drastically changed because of the formation of fluoro-complexes [7-9]. A small amount of F stabilizes the higher oxidation states of titanium and induces a negative shift in the standard potentials of the Ti(IV)ITi(ni) and Ti(III)ITi(II) couples [7, 8], The shift in redox potentials sometimes causes specific electrochemical behavior, for example, the addition of F to the LiCl-KCl eutectic leads to the disproportionation of americium Am into Am " and Am metal [9],... 

An accumulator is characterized by two voltage values. The first is the nominal voltage, which is determined by the potential for chemical reaction of each element in the redox couple used. For instance, in the case of a lead accumulator, the nominal voltage (operational voltage) per cell is 2.1 volts. In the case of a lithium battery, it is around 3.8 V, depending on the chemistry used. 

Cerium is the most abundant element of the rare earths and one of its special properties is a stable tetravalent state even in water. Therefore, many chemical applications of cerium take advantage of the Ce(IV)/Ce(III) redox couple. In this review, the author describes the applications of tetravalent cerium compounds in solution. Nearly all potential applications are... 

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