Chemical damage, types

Because all of these various types of chemical exposures can, under the right conditions, be damaging to health, our legislators have over the past 50-60 years developed extensive sets of laws that impose requirements upon manufacturers, distributors, and commercial users of chemicals, and upon those who dispose of chemical wastes. Several of these laws also apply to other sources of chemical exposure, such as power plants and moving vehicles. The laws tend to divide up according to environmental media, source of chemical, or type of population exposed. Thus, in the United States, there are federal... 

Proper selection of equipment for degumming of silk is essential to prevent chafed surface, chafe marks, uneven degumming and chemical damage. However, the selection of equipment depends on the type of the article to be processed. 

Many consumers desire the additional lip treatment feature of protection from damaging type A and/or B solar UV radiation. Added active sunscreen ingredients must be safe when ingested in small amounts and not interfere with product esthetic characteristics. These chemicals usually include UV-B protectors such as octyl methoxycinnamate and padimate O and UV-A protectors such as oxybenzone added at concentrations ranging from 7.5 to 1.5 percent. 

The chemistry of protein fibres, especially that of wool, is more complex than that of most other types of fibre. The amide groups which link the repeat units are also to be found in nylon fibres. Amides can be cleaved hydrolytically by strong acids and bases. However, the inter- and intramolecular bonds in wool are particularly numerous. There are hydrogen and disulphide bonds, salt links and hydrophobic attraction. All of these bonds are important for understanding chemical damage to wool and the possibilities for its detection. 

While the destruction of plastics by microorganisms is a process based mainly on the chemical effects of metabolites, higher organisms typically cause mechanical destruction. These different damage types have to be taken into consideration, because they can be the reasons for the failure of individual products or entire... 

A. lonizing-Type Repair after Chemical Damage... 

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