Charged particles, cyclotron acceleration

Cyclotron a type of particle accelerator consisting of two hollow, semicircular metal electrodes, called dees (because the shape resembles the letter D), in which charged particles are accelerated by stages to higher and higher kinetic energies. Ions introduced at the center of the cyclotron are accelerated in the space between the two dees. (21.2)... 

Cyclotrons and accelerators are sources of charged particles (i.e., protons, deuterons, a particles, etc.), and the radionuclides produced are generally proton rich and decay by positron emission and/or electron capture. A positive ion beam is eventually extracted from the cyclotron, regardless of whether positive or negative ions were accelerated. The isotope of interest is separated from the target for use in chemical syntheses. Accelerator- or cyclotron-produced radioisotopes tend to be the most expensive as only one radionuclide is produced at a time. 

Cyclotron A particle accelerator in which charged particles receive repeated S5mchronized accelerations by an electrical field as the particles spiral outward from their source. The particles are kept in the spiral by a powerful magnetic field. 

Irradiation with charged particles accelerated in a cyclotron, while eliminating the problem of long-lived silver isotopes caused by the different nuclear reactions involved, is not feasible for any large-scale study because of the cost involved. Unlike a nuclear reactor, where numerous different samples can be irradiated simultaneously, only a single sample can be irradiated using a cyclotron beam. 

In a looser sense the term radiation also includes energy emitted in the form of particles that possess mass and may or may not be electrically charger, (i.e.. a [positive] and ft [negative] and also neutrons. Beams of such particles may be considered as rays". The charged particles may all be accelerated and the high energy imparted to beams in particle accelerators such as cyclotrons, betatrons, synchrotrons, and linear accelerators. 

There will be some practical applications as well, leading to whole new industries, among them advanced electronics and nuclear medicine. Both disciplines have already benefited enormously from the technology of particle accelerators, starting with the invention of the cyclotron, the charged particle accelerator invented in 1931 by Ernest Lawrence, founder of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in California. 

Cyclotron A device for accelerating charged particles along a spiral path. 

Cyclotron. A machine to accelerate charged particles in circular paths by means of an electromagnetic field. The accelerated particles such as a particles, protons, deuterons, and heavy ions possess high energies and can cause nuclear reactions in target atoms by irradiation. 

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