Radii charge

Concerning the change of the nuclear charge radii in Os, the situation is much better. Bohn et al. [264] have determined the ratio of A(r )36.2kev/... 

Molecule Bond Lengths (pm) Bond angles 0 Atomic Charges Radii (pm) ... 

The Hopkinson-Cranz scaling law described earlier applies to scaling of reflected blast wave parameters just as well as it does to side-on waves. That is, all reflected blast data taken under the same atmospheric conditions for the same type of explosive source can be reduced to a common base for comparison and prediction. Sachs law for reflected waves fails close to high explosive blast sources but it does apply beyond about ten charge radii. 

Individual uncertainties of the proton and deuteron charge radii introduce by far the largest contributions in the uncertainty of the theoretical value of the isotope shift. Uncertainty of the charge radii are much larger than the experimental error of the isotope shift measurement or the uncertainties of other theoretical contributions. It is sufficient to recall that uncertainty of the 15 Lamb shift due to the experimental error of the proton charge radius is as large as 50 kHz (see (12.11)), even if we ignore all problems connected with the proton radius contribution (see discussion in Subsects. 12.1.5, 12.1.6). 

In such a situation it is natural to invert the problem and to use the high accuracy of the optical measurements and isotope shift theory for determination of the difference of charge radii squared of the deuteron and proton. We obtain... 

Here, A denotes an add of type HA-, HA or BH+, and z and q denote the charge and the radius, respectively, of species i. The influence of permittivity on p/C, depends on the charges, radii and the charge locations of the add and its conjugate base. Table 3.3 shows the pKa values of some acids and add-base indicators in water, methanol and ethanol [3], The solvent effects on pK l are smaller for BH+-type adds than for HA- or HA-type acids. For the BH+-type acids, zA=l and zB=0 in Eq. (3.16), and the influence of solvent permittivity is expeded to be small. 

Fig 24 Calculated Integral of p2dt vs Time at 10 Charge Radii, for Explosions in Water... 

Distance (charge radii) Peak Pressure (lb/in2) Shock Wave Energy (cal/gm) ... 

In the optical spectroscopy experiments, data on the isotope shifts (IS) may be obtained in addition to those on the hfs. The important nuclear information on the changes of mean square charge radii, deduced from the IS results, will be discussed by Kluge at this symposium [KLU85]. 

Prior to about 1955 much of the nuclear information was obtained from application of atomic physics. The nuclear spin, nuclear magnetic and electric moments and changes in mean-squared charge radii are derived from measurement of the atomic hyperfine structure (hfs) and Isotope Shift (IS) and are obtained in a nuclear model independent way. With the development of the tunable dye laser and its use with the online isotope separator this field has been rejuvenated. The scheme of collinear laser/fast-beam spectroscopy [KAU76] promised to be useful for a wide variety of elements, thus UNISOR began in 1980 to develop this type of facility. The present paper describes some of the first results from the UNISOR laser facility. 

Nuclear properties (spins, moments, charge radii) revealed by the analysis of hyperfine structure and isotope shift of atomic levels have been obtained in decades of experiments. Since 1975 with the introduction of tunable dye laser, the rebirth of the methods, some already known since 1930, had led to many on line experiments on short lived isotopes not investigated before. I report here a sample of the experiments done by the Orsay, Mainz groups at CERN. Although experiments have been carried out by the Orsay group using the proton beam of the CERN Proton Synchrotron, most of the experiments have been done at Isolde, the on - line mass separator at CERN, whose radioactive beams are essential to the success of these experiments [RAV 84]. 

ISOLDE facility at CERN [EBE85a]. Systematical data on magnetic dipole moments, electric quadrupole moments and isotope shifts were obtained in the mass range A=105 to A=127. The mean square charge-radii, deduced from measured isotope shifts, show clearly onset and disappearance of deformation, if compared to a simple two-parameter formula (see Fig.2). The lat-... 

Fig. 2. Change of the nuclear mean square charge radii 6 for indium and... 

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