Hyperfine structure of atoms

In the conclusion of this section let us notice that a wealth of data on the applications of the relativistic self-consistent field method to the studies of the hyperfine structure of atomic levels is collected in [149]. Investigations of the hyperfine structure by the methods of perturbation theory are described in monograph [17]. 

The preparation of spin-polarised atomic beams began with the pioneering work of Gerlach and Stern (1924). It was extensively developed in the 1950s during studies of the hyperfine structure of atoms (Ramsey, 1956) and later by nuclear physicists who were interested in the study of the spin dependence of nuclear forces. 

Valuable results have been attained with these programs, but much more is possible in the future. For one there are the term values of highly ionized heavy atoms, which are difficult to access experimentally, but also the corresponding transition probabilities important for the explicit simulation of a high-temperature plasma. Another aspect, which has attracted attention, is the hyperfine structure of atomic spectra and with it the determination of nuclear moments in the combination of computation and high-resolution experiments. 

The author became interested in the models of confinement of the hydrogen atom inside finite volumes [2,14,17,18] in connection with the measurements of the hyperfine structure of atomic hydrogen trapped in a-quartz [19,20]. Ten years later, he extended his interests to confinement in semi-infinite spaces limited by a paraboloid [21], a hyperboloid [9] and a cone [22] in connection with the exoelectron emission by compressed rocks [23,24], Jaskolski s report [1] cited several of the above-mentioned works [9,14,17, 18,21], each one of which had formulated and constructed exact solutions for new types of confinement for the hydrogen atom. This subsection is focussed on his citation of our article [9] ... 

Electrodeless discharge lamps (EDL), powered with energy in the radio-frequency range, were used as early as 1928 by Jackson, and in 1948 Meggers used them to determine hyperfine structure of atomic spectra. These lamps produce narrow-line, high-intensity spectra with little self-absorption. They would appear, therefore, to be promising sources for atomic absorption. 

Hyperfine structure of atoms 325 5.3. Compounds with tetragonal ... 

P. Brix, H. Kopfermann Hyperfine structure of atomic levels and atomic lines Landolt-Bom-stein-Tables, 6. Ed., Vol. I, part 5, table 1612. 

In those years investigators attention was centered primarily, with a few exceptions, on the use of selective ionization precisely for isotope separation purposes. Today we know that the resonance multistep ionization technique is the most sensitive method for studying the isotopic and hyperfine structures of atoms with short-lived nuclei available in very small quantities, for laser on-line separation of nuclear isomers, and for detection of traces of some elements. 

In some cases the excitation process is deliberately chosen to be anisotropic. For instance, the atoms may be excited by absorption using a unidirectional beam of light or by impact using a well-defined beam of electrons. The emitted radiation is then generally polarized and aniso-tropically distributed in space. This forms the basis of several extremely powerful techniques for the study of the Zeeman and hyperfine structure of atomic energy levels which are considered in detail in Chapters 15-17. 

The hyperfine structure of atoms and its investigation by magnetic resonance methods... 

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