Charge distribution unbound

Small, charged solutes, however, do not possess the same mobility. Voltammetric studies by Buzzeo et al. [258] indicate that the rate of diffusion of molecular oxygen in an IL is 30 times faster than that of the superoxide radical O2. Similarly, pulse radiolysis experiments [259] indicate that the diffusion of a neutral hydrogen atom in an IL is roughly an order of magnitude faster than that of an unbound electron. These charged species are clearly slowed by their interaction with the charge distribution of the medium. 

The differing properties of the charge distributions for bound and unbound states are made very clear by comparing the Laplacian distributions of p for and Hc2 (Fig. 7.15). In the former, the atomic interaction is dominated by the contractions in p perpendicular to the bond path while in the latter it is dominated by the contractions in p towards each of the nuclei. 

It has been suggested that Hj and H2 are bound, not because of the accumulation of electronic charge in the bond region, but because of the contraction of the charge towards the nuclei. In actual fact, the major difference between the Laplacian distribution for bound H2 and unbound He2 is that the former but not the latter possesses accumulated, shared charge... 

Sulfophthalein dyes are adsorbed better than xanthene ones. The reason may be both in a smaller size of the molecules, and in the presence of fully charged sulfonate group in the structure of sulfophthalein dyes which promotes adsorption. In the last case, a superfluous positive charge of the film material, probably due to unbounded lysine and argenine groups of PtS, can be assumed. The increased dye contents may be also explained by the fact that sulfophthalein dyes were adsorbed from water-ethanol solutions that could influence the distribution of the dyes between phases. Besides, introduction of ethanol reduces the dielectric constant of the solution, that, in turn, can increase permeability of PEMs [1-4] and, as a consequence, may lead to increased dye loading into PtS/CMC films. 

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