Charge characteristic line

The same consideration applies to the impedance measurement according to Fig. 8.1b. It is a normal electrochemical interface to which the Warburg element (Zw) has been added. This element corresponds to resistance due to translational motion (i.e., diffusion) of mobile oxidized and reduced species in the depletion layer due to the periodically changing excitation signal. This refinement of the charge-transfer resistance (see (5.23), Chapter 5) is linked to the electrochemical reaction which adds a characteristic line at 45° to the Nyquist plot at low frequencies (Fig. 8.2)... 

Fig. 14 The adsorbed amount, A, of a polyampholyte as a function of the pH of the adsorption solution. The solid and the dashed lines are shown as a guide for the eye. The transmission, T, of the solutions (dotted line) is shown as a function of pH. The arrows below the graph indicate where the silicon surface, S, and the polyampholyte, P, are carrying a positive or negative net charge. Characteristics of polymers (Bl, B3, B4 - a, b, c) are Mn 68,000 g mol-1, 62,000 g mol-1, and 62,000 g mol-1, PMAA/PDMAEMA weight ratios 90/10, 55/45 and 19/81, pHIEP 3.8, 5.9 and 9.3, respectively...

FIGURE 28.33 Comparison of charge characteristics of fast-charge (solid hne) battery vs. standard battery (broken line). 

FIGURE 29.16 Comparison of typical charge characteristics of nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries (a) Voltage characteristics, (b) Temperature characteristics. Solid hne— Ni-MH broken line—NiCd. Courtesy of Duracell, Inc.)... 

I Shunt reactors These are provided as shown in Figure 24.23 to compensate for the distributed lumped capacitances, C , on EHV networks and also to limit temporary overvoltages caused during a load rejection, followed by a ground fault or a phase fault within the prescribed steady-state voltage limits, as noted in Table 24.3. They ab.sorb reactive power to offset the charging power demand of EHV lines (Table 24.2, column 9). The selection of a reactor can be made on the basis of the duty it has to perform and the compensation required. Some of the different types of reactors and their characteristics are described in Chapter 27. 

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