Characterization of heterogeneous

Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts, edited by Francis Delannay... 

Topspe, H. (2003) Developments in operando studies and in situ characterization of heterogeneous catalysts, J. Catal., 216, 155. 

Barron, L. D., and Vrbancich, J. Natural Vibrational Raman Optical Activity. 123, 151-182 (1984). Bazin, D., Dexpert, H., and Lagarde, P. Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts The EXAFS Tool, 145, 69-80 (1987). 

For the spectroscopist today it is very important to choose the right method, after a cost-benefit analysis, to match the demands of the customer or serve the purpose of his research as effectively as possible. For the characterization of heterogeneous polymers a broad range of methods and instruments is available. We have tried to list the most important of them, and to emphasize their pros and cons when used for polymer imaging. 

DYNAMIC PARAMETERS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEMS AVAILABLE FROM SOLUTION AND SOLID-STATE NMR... 

J.L.G. Fierro (Ed.), Spectroscopic Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990. 

For several years application of MRE to biological tissues has been an active area of research. Strategies either turns towards excised tissues (ex vivo) or towards living animals or humans (in vivo). The former allows more detailed studies of strain-stress relationships and thus are important for the characterization of heterogeneous biological systems. From a biological point-of-view in vivo results might appear more relevant. However they are difficult to obtain and one must keep in mind biases that could arise from incomplete or noisy data. 

In this chapter, we introduce some of the most common spectroscopies and methods available for the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts [3-13], These techniques can be broadly grouped according to the nature of the probes employed for excitation, including photons, electrons, ions, and neutrons, or, alternatively, according to the type of information they provide. Here we have chosen to group the main catalyst characterization techniques by using a combination of both criteria into structural, thermal, optical, and surface-sensitive techniques. We also focus on the characterization of real catalysts, and toward the end make brief reference to studies with model systems. Only the basics of each technique and a few examples of applications to catalyst characterization are provided, but more specialized references are included for those interested in a more in-depth discussion. 

Kosugi, S., Van Dop, C., Geffner, M. E., et al. (1995) Characterization of heterogeneous mutations causing constitutive activation of the luteinizing hormone receptor in famdial male precocious puberty. Hum. Mol. Genet. 4, 183-188. 

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