Characterization of heterogeneous catalysts

Catalysts based on AI2O3 are often regenerated by combustion of coke deposits. Which negative effects can occur here  

Why must particular care be taken when nickel catalysts are used in industrial car-bonylation reactions  

Platinum metal catalysts are strongly inhibited by halides. Which order of inhibition activity can be expected for the halides  

Both the physical and the chemical structure of a catalyst must be known if relationships between the the material structure of the catalyst and activity, selectivity, and lifetime are to be revealed. The available methods include classical procedures and state-of-the-art techniques for studying the physics and chemistry of surfaces [33]. 

The physical properties of pore volume, pore distribution, and BET surface area are nowadays routinely monitored in the production and use of industrial catalysts. In contrast, the chemical characterization of catalysts and microstructural investigations, especially of the catalyst surface, are far more laborious and are rarely carried out in industry. 

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Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts, edited by Francis Delannay... 

Topspe, H. (2003) Developments in operando studies and in situ characterization of heterogeneous catalysts, J. Catal., 216, 155. 

Barron, L. D., and Vrbancich, J. Natural Vibrational Raman Optical Activity. 123, 151-182 (1984). Bazin, D., Dexpert, H., and Lagarde, P. Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts The EXAFS Tool, 145, 69-80 (1987). 

J.L.G. Fierro (Ed.), Spectroscopic Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990. 

In this chapter, we introduce some of the most common spectroscopies and methods available for the characterization of heterogeneous catalysts [3-13], These techniques can be broadly grouped according to the nature of the probes employed for excitation, including photons, electrons, ions, and neutrons, or, alternatively, according to the type of information they provide. Here we have chosen to group the main catalyst characterization techniques by using a combination of both criteria into structural, thermal, optical, and surface-sensitive techniques. We also focus on the characterization of real catalysts, and toward the end make brief reference to studies with model systems. Only the basics of each technique and a few examples of applications to catalyst characterization are provided, but more specialized references are included for those interested in a more in-depth discussion. 

The chapter Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts [82] in Surface and Nanomolecular Catalysis gives an overview on the methods (i.e., structural techniques,... 

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