Characteristics of storage batteries

The last group of parameters relates to handling of the batteries. These include the mechanical strength (e.g., with respect to vibrations and shock accompanying transportation), maintenance, and foolproofness (a term introduced by Thomas A. Edison in 1911 as one of the characteristics of storage batteries). 

Many factors affect the storage, operating life, and performance characteristics of Li batteries. Among them, the presence of a passive layer formed upon exposure of metallic Li electrodes to various non-aqueous solvents is essential to the operation of the Li electrodes Specifically,... 

Several types of storage batteries have been smdied and tested for many years to be used on electric vehicles and other of them are presently under development. The key characteristics of the most used batteries to supply electric cars and the more promising ones are presented and analyzed below. 

Table 1 The Characteristics of Different Batteries for Energy Storage [2]... 

The dry storage charge rcicntion characteristics of this battery are excellent at temperatures up to 52°C. 

Field experience has shown that shelf life is an outstanding characteristic of Marathon batteries. After 18 months storage at room temperature, magnesium... 

Although it is important that no water should exist in the cathode materials of nonaqueous batteries, the presence of a little water is unavoidable when Mn02 is used as the active material. It is believed that this water is bound in the crystal structure, and that it has no effect on the storage characteristics, as shown in Fig. 27, where the relationship of the MnO,... 

Another group of important battery characteristics are the lifetime parameters. For primary batteries and charged storage batteries, a factor of paramount importance is the rate of self-discharge. Self-discharge may be the result of processes occurring at one of the electrodes (e.g., corrosion of zinc in batteries with zinc anodes or the decomposition of higher metal oxides in batteries with oxide cathodes), or it... 

To date, the single most important commercial use of lead is in the manufacture of lead-acid storage batteries. However, for most of the twentieth century, the most important environmental source of Pb was gasoline combnstion. It is also used in alloys, such as fusible metals, antifriction metals, and solder. Lead foil is made with lead alloys. Lead is used for covering cables and as a lining for laboratory sinks, tanks, and the chambers in the lead-chamber process for the manufacture of sulfuric acid. It is used extensively in plumbing. Because it has excellent vibration-dampening characteristics, lead is often used to support heavy machinery. 

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